1,720,975 research outputs found
Disruptions in the world economy in the pandemic and post-pandemic period 2020-2022
No full textPosle kratkog predaha, strahovi od nadolazeće krize ponovo rastu.
U 2020, svetska ekonomija se suočila sa ozbiljnim privrednim zastojem koji je
bio posledica pandemije korona virusa. Izgubljene su hiljade milijardi dolara
potencijalne proizvodnje kao posledica ogromnog broja zaraženih i preminulih,
kidanja lanaca snabdevanja, zamiranja brodskog transporta preko Atlantika i
Pacifika i privremenih zatvaranja širom sveta (lockdown). Neminovno, došlo je do
značajnog pada u svetskoj proizvodnji i rasta u nezaposlenosti. Nakon kratkoročne
epizode optimizma u drugoj polovini 2021, zbog zauzdavanja pandemije i relativno
očuvanog broja radnih mesta usled primene fiskalnih potpornih mera i ekspanzivne
monetarne politike širom sveta, u februaru 2022. desio se novi šok – rat u Ukrajini
- koji je ugasio nade da će značajan udeo tranzitornih recesionih i inflatornih
efekata ispariti i da će se svet vratiti na putanju rasta iz predpandemijskog perioda.
Dosledno, prognoze privrednog rasta za 2023. i 2024. su sumorne.After a brief respite, fears of an impending crisis are rising again. In 2020, the
world economy faced a serious economic standstill as a result of the coronavirus
pandemic. Thousands of billions of dollars of potential production have been lost
as a result of the huge number of infected and deceased, the disruptions in supply
chains, the demise of shipping across the Atlantic and the Pacific, and lockdowns
around the world. Inevitably, there was a significant drop in world production and
a rise in unemployment. After a short-term episode of optimism in the second half
of 2021 due to the curbing of the pandemic and the relatively preserved number
of jobs due to the implementation of fiscal support measures and expansionary
monetary policy around the world, in February 2022 a new shock occurred - the
war in Ukraine - which drove away hope that a significant part of the transitory
recessionary and inflationary effects will evaporate and that the world will return
to the path of growth from the pre-pandemic period. Consequently, economic
growth forecasts for 2023 and 2024 are gloomy.Zbornik radova s naučnog skupa "Postepidemiološki stres: Istorijske i medicinske dileme" održanog 23. maja 2023. na Filozofskom fakultetu Univerziteta u Beograd
Anthropological analysis of the quality of life of older members of society in conditions of increased stress caused by the COVID-19 pandemic
No full textKvalitativno antropološko istraživanje, čija realizacija je otpočela tokom
vanrednog stanja 2020. godine u Republici Srbiji – s ciljem da traje do ukidanja
epidemije virusa kovid-19 – orijentisano je na najstarije pripadnike društva koji
su u novonastalim okolnostima ocenjeni kao najugroženiji, kako u medijskom
diskursu, tako i u domenu donosilaca odluka. Data ocena odnosila se, u prvom
redu, na zdravstvene aspekte, ali je imala i višeznačne socijalne implikacije budući
da je pretnja po zdravlje pojedinaca, pa i po kompletan zdravstveni sistem,
transformisana u potpunu izolaciju na nivou apsolutne zabrane kretanja za sve
starije od 65 godina. Početni odgovor na krizno dešavanje u srpskom društvu,
ali i kasnije etape koje se u značajnoj meri razlikuju, stvorile su, tako, društveni
ambijent u kojem su produbljeni svakovrsni problemi skopčani sa kvalitetom
života u starijoj dobi, pri čemu se u najvećoj meri registruju opadanja vezana za
funkcionisanje sagovornika u svakodnevnom životu: od mogućnosti i prava na
kretanje, preko redukovanja socijalnih kontakata, prava na donošenje odluka, sve
do nedostupnosti medicinske brige ili njenog odlaganja do neizvesne budućnosti. U
ovakvim okolnostima, registrovan je porast stresogenih faktora i njihov intenzitet
što je, sledstveno, vodilo i većem padu kvaliteta života od onog koji se, tipično,
očekuje u ovoj fazi života. Posebna pažnja posvećena je i periodu koji se određuje
kao postpandemijski s ciljem da se sagledane posledice razumeju i kao one koje će
biti moguće prevenirati u potencijalo kriznim situacijama u budućnosti.The qualitative anthropological research, which started during the state of
emergency 2020 in the Republic of Serbia and will continue until the end of
the pandemic COVID -19, is focused on the oldest members of society, who
are assessed as the most vulnerable in the newly created circumstances, both in
the media discourse and in the sphere of decision makers. This assessment was
primarily related to health aspects, but also had multiple social implications,
as the Covid-19 threat to the health of the individual and even the entire health
system was transformed into total isolation because of a 24-h curfew for all those
over 65 years of age. The initial reaction to the crisis in Serbian society, as well as
the later stages, which differ significantly, have created a social environment in
which all kinds of problems related to the quality of life in old age have intensified,
with losses in terms of the functioning of the interlocutor in everyday life: from
the possibility and right to be mobile, to the reduction of social contacts, the right
to make decisions, to the unavailability of medical care or its postponement to an uncertain future. In these circumstances, an increase in stress-inducing factors
and their intensity was noted, resulting in a more marked deterioration in quality
of life than would be expected at this stage of life. Particular attention was paid to
the post-pandemic period in order to understand the observed consequences as
those that could be used to prevent potential crises in the future.Nacionalni naučni skup Postepidemiološki stres: Istorijske i
medicinske dileme 23. maj 2023, Filozofski fakultet Univerziteta u Beogradu - Saopštenje sa skupa nacionalnog značaja
štampano u celin
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Influence of MDR1 gene polymorphisms on calcineurin inhibitors' metabolism and kidney graft function
Full text linkTransplantacija bubrega je najbolji način lečenja bolesnika u terminalnoj fazi hronične bolesti bubrega. Uvođenje kalcineurinskih inhibitora (KNI) u imunosupresivne protokole je jedan od najznačajnijih koraka u razvoju transplantacione medicine koji je značajno poboljšao preživljavanje kako alografta, tako i bolesnika sa presađenim bubregom. Ovi lekovi blokiraju sintezu citokina potrebnih za aktivaciju T-limfocita (interleukina-2, interleukina-4, interferona-γ i faktora nekroze tumora-α) i tako ostvaruju svoj imunosupresivni efekat. Imaju vrlo uzak terapijski opseg, izraženu interidividaulnu i intraindividualnu varijabilnost, kao i veliki broj neželjenih efekata koji utiču na funkciju alografta. Samo neki od neželjenih efekata mogu se objasniti neadektavnom koncentracijom leka u krvi. Brojna istraživanja bavila su se ispitivanjem povezanosti genskih polimorfizama i farmakokinetske i farmakodinamske varijabilnosti KNI. Jedan od najznačajnijih gena za metabolizma KNI je MDR1 gen koji kodira sintezu P-glikoproteina koji je proteinski nosač KNI iz intracelularnog u ekstracelularni prostor.
Ciljevi istraživanja: Osnovni cilj našeg istraživanja bio je da se ispita učestalost genotipova pojedinačnih nukleotidnih polimorfizama (C1236T, G2677T/A i C3435T) MDR1 gena i njihovih haplotipova. Pored toga, ispitivali smo i uticaj genotipova i haplotipova MDR1 gena na farmakokinetiku KNI, učestalost akutnog odbacivanja (AO), učestalost odložene funkcije alografta (OFA) i funkciju alografta. Imajući u vidu mnogobrojne neželjene efekte KNI, ispitivali smo i uticaj genotipova i haplotipova MDR1 gena na koncentraciju glukoze, kalijuma, mokraćne kiseline, holesterola, triglicerida i aminotransferaza u serumu.
Metode: Studija je dizajnirana kao neinterventno retrospektivno opservaciono ispitivanje, sprovedeno u Klinici za nefrologiju Kliničkog centra Srbije i Institutu za mikrobiologiju i imunologiju Medicinskog fakulteta Univerziteta u Beogradu. U ispitivanje su uključena 152 bolesnika sa presađenim bubregom koji su imali CYP3A5*3*3 genotip. Izolacija molekula DNK vršena je iz uzoraka pune krvi standardnom metodom kolonica. Podaci o dozama i koncentracijama KNI, funkciji alografta, AO i OFA, kao i vrednosti glikemije, hemoglobina, hematokrita, mokraćne kiseline, kalijuma, aspartat- i alaninaminotransferaze, ukupnog holesterola i triglicerida, dobijeni su iz ambulantnog kartona bolesnika sa presađenim bubregom...Kidney transplantation is the best treatment option for patients with end stage chronic kidney disease. The introduction of calcineurin inhibitors (CNI) in immunosuppressive protocols have played an important role in improving the outcome of kidney transplantation. These drugs block the cytokine synthesis needed to activate T-lymphocytes and thereby achieve their immunosuppressive effect. They have a narrow therapeutic range, interindividual and intraindividual variability, and a large number of side effects that affect the function of the allograft. However, only some of the side effects can be explained by an inadequate drug concentration in the blood. Numerous studies have investigated the relationship between gene polymorphisms and pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic variability of CNI. One of the most significant genes for CNI metabolism is the MDR1 gene that encodes the synthesis of the protein carrier CNI. Objective: The primary aim of our study was to examine the frequency of genotypes of SNPs (C1236T, G2677T/A and C3435T) of the MDR1 gene and their haplotypes. In addition, we examined the influence of genotypes and haplotypes of the MDR1 gene on the CNI pharmacokinetics, the frequency of acute rejection (AR), the frequency of delayed function (DGF) and the allograft function. Also, we examined the influence of SNPs and haplotypes of the MDR1 gene on the serum level of glucose, potassium, uric acid, cholesterol, triglyceride and aminotransferase. Methods: This study was designed as a retrospective observation study conducted at the Clinical Center of Serbia, Clinic of Nephrology and the Institute of Microbiology and Immunology at the University of Belgrade, Medical Faculty. This study included 152 patients who were kidney transplant recipients with a CYP3A5 * 3 * 3 genotype. DNA molecules were extracted from whole blood samples using a standard colonic method. The patient charts revealed data about the CNI dosage and concentration, allograft function, frequency of AR and DGF, as well as the serum level of glucose, hemoglobin, hematocrit, uric acid, potassium, aspartate and alanine aminotransferase, total cholesterol and triglyceride. AR was diagnosed by allograft biopsy or on the basis of allograft function deterioration that has improved after high-dose of corticosteroid therapy. DGF was defined as a need for hemodialysis during the first two weeks after kidney transplantation..
Influence of deceased donor corticosteroid treatment on kidney transplant outcome
No full textUvod: Nedovoljan broj raspoloživih organa za transplantaciju je posledica nedovoljne
identifikacije potencijalnih moždano mrtvih davaoca u jedinicama intenzivnog lečenja i
nedovoljne konverzije potencijalnih u aktuelne davaoce iz medicinskih i organizacionih
razloga. Moždana smrt ima brojne posledice kao što su hemodinamski poremećaji,
hormonski disbalans i inflamacija, što sveukupno utiče na kvalitet organa i ishod
transplantacije. Hipoperfuzija organa donora ima za posledicu ishemijsko oštećenje i
oksidativni stres, što povećava učestalost odložene funkcije alografta (OFA). Zbog
povećane ekspresije citokina, adhezivnih molekula i antigena tkivne
histokompatibilnosti, nastale inflamatorne promene organa donora utiču na povećanje
učestalosti akutnih odbacivanja (AO) posle transplantacije. Zbog prevazilaženja ovih
poremećaja, primenjuju se različite terapijske opcije kod donora, koje su važan deo
strategije za popravljanje kvaliteta organa i ishoda transplantacije.
Ciljevi istraživanja: Sa ciljem održavanja aktivnosti programa kadaverične
transplantacije bubrega u Kliničkom centru Srbije ispitivali smo uticaj primene
indikatora efikasnosti programa kadaverične transplantacije bubrega u periodu 2010-
2012. Pored toga, ispitivali smo efikasnost primene metil-prednizolona (MP) na
hemodinamiku i bubrežnu funkciju davaoca, kao i učestalost OFA, AO i funkciju
presađenog bubrega do kraja prve godine od transplantacije. Uzimajući u obzir
povezanost moždane smrti, oksidativnog stresa i inflamacije, određivali smo serumsku
koncentraciju 8-hidroksi 2-deoksi guanozina (8-OH-dG), trombospondina-1 (TSP-1) i
nuklearnog faktora kapa B (NF-κB) kod donora organa posle dijagnoze moždane smrti i
njihove kasnije implikacije kod primaoca.
Metode: Studija je prospektivna interventna i opservaciona sprovedena je u Centralnoj
aseptičnoj jedinici intenzivne nege Urgentnog Centra Kliničkog centra Srbije i Centru
za transplantaciju bubrega Kliničkog Centra Srbije u periodu 2010-2013. godine. U
periodu istraživanja smo analizirali tri grupe indikatora efikasnosti programa
kadaverične transplantacije koji se odnose na potencijal za donaciju organa,
organizacione nedostatke i ukupnu efikasnost programa...Introduction: Shortage of organs available from brain dead donors is attributed to the
insufficient reporting of potential donors as well as to low conversion rates of potential
donors into actual donors due to medical and organisational issues. Brain death has
numerous consequences, including hemodynamic disorders, hormonal imbalance and
inflammation, which together influence organ quality and consequently transplantation
outcome. Hypoperfusion of donor organs leads to ischemic lesions and also increases
oxidative stress, which raises the frequency of delayed graft function (DGF). Due to
enhanced expression of cytokines, adhesion molecules and tissue histocompatibility
antigens, subsequent inflammatory changes in donor organs increase the rate of acute
rejection (AR) after transplantation. With the aim of overcoming these disorders donors
are subject to various therapy options that are an important part of the strategy for
improvement of organ quality and transplantation outcome.
Objective: With aim to maintain deceased donor kidney transplant program, we
assessed the impact of indicators of program effectiveness application in Clinical center
of Serbia, between 2010–2012. In adition, we examined the efficiency of methylprednisolone
(MP) applied to potential donors on donor hemodinamics and kidney
function, as well as frequency of DGF, AR and kidney allograft function during the first
posttransplant year. Considering the link between brain death, oxidative stress and
inflammation, we measured the serum concentration of 8-hydroxy 2-deoxy guanosine
(8-OH-dG), thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) in organ
donors after diagnosed brain death, as well as their further implications in recipients.
Method: Prospective interventional and observational study was conducted in Central
aseptic intensive care unit, Emergency center, Clinical center of Serbia and Kidney
transplant center, Clinical center of Serbia. Deceased donor kidney transplant program
involved 172 potential kidney donors that were identified between 2010-2012. Brain
death was confirmed in 163 patients. We conducted an analysis of an effectiveness
indicators of deceased donor kidney transplant program. Three groups of indexes
presenting potential for donation, areas of improvement and global effectiveness
indicators were used..
Influence of deceased donor corticosteroid treatment on kidney transplant outcome
Full text linkUvod: Nedovoljan broj raspoloživih organa za transplantaciju je posledica nedovoljne
identifikacije potencijalnih moždano mrtvih davaoca u jedinicama intenzivnog lečenja i
nedovoljne konverzije potencijalnih u aktuelne davaoce iz medicinskih i organizacionih
razloga. Moždana smrt ima brojne posledice kao što su hemodinamski poremećaji,
hormonski disbalans i inflamacija, što sveukupno utiče na kvalitet organa i ishod
transplantacije. Hipoperfuzija organa donora ima za posledicu ishemijsko oštećenje i
oksidativni stres, što povećava učestalost odložene funkcije alografta (OFA). Zbog
povećane ekspresije citokina, adhezivnih molekula i antigena tkivne
histokompatibilnosti, nastale inflamatorne promene organa donora utiču na povećanje
učestalosti akutnih odbacivanja (AO) posle transplantacije. Zbog prevazilaženja ovih
poremećaja, primenjuju se različite terapijske opcije kod donora, koje su važan deo
strategije za popravljanje kvaliteta organa i ishoda transplantacije.
Ciljevi istraživanja: Sa ciljem održavanja aktivnosti programa kadaverične
transplantacije bubrega u Kliničkom centru Srbije ispitivali smo uticaj primene
indikatora efikasnosti programa kadaverične transplantacije bubrega u periodu 2010-
2012. Pored toga, ispitivali smo efikasnost primene metil-prednizolona (MP) na
hemodinamiku i bubrežnu funkciju davaoca, kao i učestalost OFA, AO i funkciju
presađenog bubrega do kraja prve godine od transplantacije. Uzimajući u obzir
povezanost moždane smrti, oksidativnog stresa i inflamacije, određivali smo serumsku
koncentraciju 8-hidroksi 2-deoksi guanozina (8-OH-dG), trombospondina-1 (TSP-1) i
nuklearnog faktora kapa B (NF-κB) kod donora organa posle dijagnoze moždane smrti i
njihove kasnije implikacije kod primaoca.
Metode: Studija je prospektivna interventna i opservaciona sprovedena je u Centralnoj
aseptičnoj jedinici intenzivne nege Urgentnog Centra Kliničkog centra Srbije i Centru
za transplantaciju bubrega Kliničkog Centra Srbije u periodu 2010-2013. godine. U
periodu istraživanja smo analizirali tri grupe indikatora efikasnosti programa
kadaverične transplantacije koji se odnose na potencijal za donaciju organa,
organizacione nedostatke i ukupnu efikasnost programa...Introduction: Shortage of organs available from brain dead donors is attributed to the
insufficient reporting of potential donors as well as to low conversion rates of potential
donors into actual donors due to medical and organisational issues. Brain death has
numerous consequences, including hemodynamic disorders, hormonal imbalance and
inflammation, which together influence organ quality and consequently transplantation
outcome. Hypoperfusion of donor organs leads to ischemic lesions and also increases
oxidative stress, which raises the frequency of delayed graft function (DGF). Due to
enhanced expression of cytokines, adhesion molecules and tissue histocompatibility
antigens, subsequent inflammatory changes in donor organs increase the rate of acute
rejection (AR) after transplantation. With the aim of overcoming these disorders donors
are subject to various therapy options that are an important part of the strategy for
improvement of organ quality and transplantation outcome.
Objective: With aim to maintain deceased donor kidney transplant program, we
assessed the impact of indicators of program effectiveness application in Clinical center
of Serbia, between 2010–2012. In adition, we examined the efficiency of methylprednisolone
(MP) applied to potential donors on donor hemodinamics and kidney
function, as well as frequency of DGF, AR and kidney allograft function during the first
posttransplant year. Considering the link between brain death, oxidative stress and
inflammation, we measured the serum concentration of 8-hydroxy 2-deoxy guanosine
(8-OH-dG), thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) in organ
donors after diagnosed brain death, as well as their further implications in recipients.
Method: Prospective interventional and observational study was conducted in Central
aseptic intensive care unit, Emergency center, Clinical center of Serbia and Kidney
transplant center, Clinical center of Serbia. Deceased donor kidney transplant program
involved 172 potential kidney donors that were identified between 2010-2012. Brain
death was confirmed in 163 patients. We conducted an analysis of an effectiveness
indicators of deceased donor kidney transplant program. Three groups of indexes
presenting potential for donation, areas of improvement and global effectiveness
indicators were used..
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Influence of MDR1 gene polymorphisms on calcineurin inhibitors' metabolism and kidney graft function
No full textTransplantacija bubrega je najbolji način lečenja bolesnika u terminalnoj fazi hronične bolesti bubrega. Uvođenje kalcineurinskih inhibitora (KNI) u imunosupresivne protokole je jedan od najznačajnijih koraka u razvoju transplantacione medicine koji je značajno poboljšao preživljavanje kako alografta, tako i bolesnika sa presađenim bubregom. Ovi lekovi blokiraju sintezu citokina potrebnih za aktivaciju T-limfocita (interleukina-2, interleukina-4, interferona-γ i faktora nekroze tumora-α) i tako ostvaruju svoj imunosupresivni efekat. Imaju vrlo uzak terapijski opseg, izraženu interidividaulnu i intraindividualnu varijabilnost, kao i veliki broj neželjenih efekata koji utiču na funkciju alografta. Samo neki od neželjenih efekata mogu se objasniti neadektavnom koncentracijom leka u krvi. Brojna istraživanja bavila su se ispitivanjem povezanosti genskih polimorfizama i farmakokinetske i farmakodinamske varijabilnosti KNI. Jedan od najznačajnijih gena za metabolizma KNI je MDR1 gen koji kodira sintezu P-glikoproteina koji je proteinski nosač KNI iz intracelularnog u ekstracelularni prostor.
Ciljevi istraživanja: Osnovni cilj našeg istraživanja bio je da se ispita učestalost genotipova pojedinačnih nukleotidnih polimorfizama (C1236T, G2677T/A i C3435T) MDR1 gena i njihovih haplotipova. Pored toga, ispitivali smo i uticaj genotipova i haplotipova MDR1 gena na farmakokinetiku KNI, učestalost akutnog odbacivanja (AO), učestalost odložene funkcije alografta (OFA) i funkciju alografta. Imajući u vidu mnogobrojne neželjene efekte KNI, ispitivali smo i uticaj genotipova i haplotipova MDR1 gena na koncentraciju glukoze, kalijuma, mokraćne kiseline, holesterola, triglicerida i aminotransferaza u serumu.
Metode: Studija je dizajnirana kao neinterventno retrospektivno opservaciono ispitivanje, sprovedeno u Klinici za nefrologiju Kliničkog centra Srbije i Institutu za mikrobiologiju i imunologiju Medicinskog fakulteta Univerziteta u Beogradu. U ispitivanje su uključena 152 bolesnika sa presađenim bubregom koji su imali CYP3A5*3*3 genotip. Izolacija molekula DNK vršena je iz uzoraka pune krvi standardnom metodom kolonica. Podaci o dozama i koncentracijama KNI, funkciji alografta, AO i OFA, kao i vrednosti glikemije, hemoglobina, hematokrita, mokraćne kiseline, kalijuma, aspartat- i alaninaminotransferaze, ukupnog holesterola i triglicerida, dobijeni su iz ambulantnog kartona bolesnika sa presađenim bubregom...Kidney transplantation is the best treatment option for patients with end stage chronic kidney disease. The introduction of calcineurin inhibitors (CNI) in immunosuppressive protocols have played an important role in improving the outcome of kidney transplantation. These drugs block the cytokine synthesis needed to activate T-lymphocytes and thereby achieve their immunosuppressive effect. They have a narrow therapeutic range, interindividual and intraindividual variability, and a large number of side effects that affect the function of the allograft. However, only some of the side effects can be explained by an inadequate drug concentration in the blood. Numerous studies have investigated the relationship between gene polymorphisms and pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic variability of CNI. One of the most significant genes for CNI metabolism is the MDR1 gene that encodes the synthesis of the protein carrier CNI. Objective: The primary aim of our study was to examine the frequency of genotypes of SNPs (C1236T, G2677T/A and C3435T) of the MDR1 gene and their haplotypes. In addition, we examined the influence of genotypes and haplotypes of the MDR1 gene on the CNI pharmacokinetics, the frequency of acute rejection (AR), the frequency of delayed function (DGF) and the allograft function. Also, we examined the influence of SNPs and haplotypes of the MDR1 gene on the serum level of glucose, potassium, uric acid, cholesterol, triglyceride and aminotransferase. Methods: This study was designed as a retrospective observation study conducted at the Clinical Center of Serbia, Clinic of Nephrology and the Institute of Microbiology and Immunology at the University of Belgrade, Medical Faculty. This study included 152 patients who were kidney transplant recipients with a CYP3A5 * 3 * 3 genotype. DNA molecules were extracted from whole blood samples using a standard colonic method. The patient charts revealed data about the CNI dosage and concentration, allograft function, frequency of AR and DGF, as well as the serum level of glucose, hemoglobin, hematocrit, uric acid, potassium, aspartate and alanine aminotransferase, total cholesterol and triglyceride. AR was diagnosed by allograft biopsy or on the basis of allograft function deterioration that has improved after high-dose of corticosteroid therapy. DGF was defined as a need for hemodialysis during the first two weeks after kidney transplantation..
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