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    Evolucionizаm u frаncuskoj umetnosti druge polovine 19. i početkom 20. vekа

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    Filozofski fakultetКонцепт еволуционизма у уметности био је интернационални феномен, који је на простору Француске у другој половини 19. и почетком 20. века имао јединствен визуелни изражај. Томе је допринела чињеница да је Француска имала век напора просветитеља да се објасне промене у природи, што је претходило појави теорије еволуције Чарлса Дарвина. У првој половини 19. века, Жан-Батист Ламарк је представио своју трансформистичку теорију, те је у француској култури сматран оцем еволуције. Са појавом Дарвинове теорије од друге половине столећа, приметно је раздвајање између оних који су подржавали његове принципе еволуције и са друге стране, оних који су заговарали нео-ламаркизам карактеристичан за овај период. У визуелној култури је такође дошло до ове дистинкције, те се у овом раду истражује на које су начине уметници који су деловали на француском простору интерпретирали еволуционистичке идеје. Настанак дела у уметничком феномену еволуционизма, био је одређен многобројним научним окткрићима на пољу теорија еволуције, праисторијске археологије, антропологије, компаративне анатомије и других сродних дисциплина. Пад Другог француског царства, Француско-пруски рат и оснивање Треће републике, били су историјско-политички контекст који пружа идејни оквир уметничком стваралаштву у овом пољу. Инспирацију за своје представе, уметници су проналазили како у природњачким наукама, чија су достигнућа популаризована у институцијама попут Природњачког музеја у Паризу и на Универзалним изложбама, тако и у научно-популарним романима и оновременој француској књижевности. Концепт еволуционизма се не може ограничити на један уметнички стил или правац, због чега ће се дела унутар њега, овде систематизовати према темама и мотивима које су у дугом временском периоду заокупљале машту уметника. Распрострањена тема у концепту еволуционизма био је приказ далеке, праисторијске прошлости, у којој су се представљали мотиви свакодневног живота предака савремених људи. Кроз представе првог уметника, лова на препотопне животиње, праисторијских заната, дома и породице у дубокој прошлости, уметници су репрезентовали нео-ламаркистичку визију прогресивне, праволинијске еволуције која је сведочила о славној прошлости француске нације. Национализација праисторије за време Треће француске републике, допринела је свеопштој потрази за пореклом у оквирима политичког пројекта реванша. Са друге стране, након Францускопруског рата, долази и до уздрманог колективног поимања идентитета, те су питања борбе, дегенерације и примитивног порекла људи све више преокупирала умове људи. Због тога се у овој дисертацији истражују радови уметника који су пратећи дарвинистичке идеје, креирали представе борбе за опстанак, сексуалне селекције и биолошких хибрида. Биће истражена и дела уметника који су на потпуно аутентичан начин користили ликове из античке митологије и библијске историје и премештали их у нови, еволуционистички наратив. Дисертација обједињује радове више од четрдесет уметника, од којих је већина до сада остала непозната широј јавности. Истражује однос између оновремених научних открића и уметности, форме и функције уметничких дела која су преносила еволуционистичке идеје, и расветљава њихов значај у култури и уметности.The concept of evolutionism in art was an international phenomenon, which had a unique visual expression in France in the second half of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century. This was contributed by the fact that France had a century of efforts to explain changes in nature, in the age of the Enlightenment, which preceded the appearance of Charles Darwin's theory of evolution. In the first half of the 19th century, Jean-Baptiste Lamarck presented his theory of transformation, and was considered the father of evolution in French culture. With the emergence of Darwin's theory from the second half of the century, it comes to a noticeable separation between those who supported his principles of evolution and on the other hand, those who advocated the neolamarckism typical for that time. This distinction also occurred in visual culture, and this document investigates the ways in which artists who worked in France interpreted evolutionist ideas. The emergence of works in the artistic phenomenon of evolutionism was determined by numerous scientific discoveries in the field of theories of evolution, prehistoric archaeology, anthropology, comparative anatomy and other related disciplines. The fall of the Second French Empire, the Franco-Prussian War and the founding of the Third Republic were the historical and political context that provides the conceptual framework for artistic creation in this field. Artists found inspiration for their works both in the natural sciences, whose achievements were popularized in institutions such as the Natural History Museum in Paris and at the Universal Exhibitions, as well as in science-fiction novels and contemporary French literature. The concept of evolutionism cannot be limited to one artistic style or movement, which is why the works within it will be systematized here according to themes and motifs that have captured the imagination of artists for a long period of time. A widespread theme in the concept of evolutionism was the representation of the distant, prehistoric past, in which the motifs of the everyday life of the ancestors of modern people were presented. Through representations of the first artist, hunting of antediluvian animals, prehistoric crafts, home and family in the deep past, the artists represented a neo-lamarckist vision of progressive, rectilinear evolution that testified to the glorious past of the French nation. The nationalization of prehistory during the Third French Republic contributed to the general search for origins within the political project of revanchism. On the other hand, after the Franco-Prussian War, the collective understanding of identity was shaken, and the issues of struggle, degeneration and primitive origin of people increasingly preoccupied people's minds. Therefore, this dissertation explores the works of artists who, following Darwinian ideas, created representations of the struggle for survival, sexual selection and biological hybrids. There will also be explored the works of artists who used characters from ancient mythology and biblical history in a completely authentic way and moved them into a new, evolutionist narrative. The dissertation brings together the works of more than forty artists, most of whom have remained unknown to the general public until now. It explores the relationship between contemporary scientific discoveries and art, the form and function of artworks that conveyed evolutionist ideas, and sheds light on their significance in culture and art.

    Co-Constructing Identity in Adolescence Through the Process of Collaborative Narrativization

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    Filozofski fakultetPredmet ovog rada je ko-konstruisanje identiteta adolescenata prilikom narativizacije konflikta sa prijateljem. Cilj rada bio je da se, prilikom individualne i kolaborativne narativizacije sukoba, empirijski mapiraju kvalitativni pokazatelji identitetske eksploracije mladih, kao i da se bolje osvetli uloga involviranog vršnjaka u ko-konstruisanju ličnog identiteta. U radu sam pošla od sociokulturne i, specifično, narativne teorije. Uzorak je činilo 6 istopolnih parova adolescenata (18-20 godina), prijatelja, koji su imali skorašnji sukob. Kombinovala sam narativni pristup „velikih priča”, pa je svaki od 12 adolescenata individualno narativizovao sukob sa prijateljem, i diskurzivni pristup „malih priča”, što implicira pregovaranje parova adolescenata o konfliktu. Kvalitativna analiza podataka ukazuje da su reprezentacije sebe i drugog koimplikativne – brane se identiteti izazvani narativom prijatelja. Stabilni identiteti su kontekstualni i retorički ubedljivi, uz sklanjanje nepoželjnih elemenata. Manifestacije identitetske eksploracije su refleksije o prethodnim iskustvima i unutrašnja nesaglasja priče. Spram razrešenih, pregovaranje nerazrešenih konflikata ima specifičan obrazac, a za razrešenje je presudno kreiranje deljene verzije koja uvažava emocionalnu povredu „oštećenog” adolescenta, a nije preizazovna za „krivca”. Kršenje kȏda prijateljstva čini sukob identitetski izazovnijim. Predlažem model koji povezuje afektivno-motivacioni i samoreprezentacioni domen. Úlozi oblikuju (samo)pozicioniranje, a za ostvarenje úloga je potrebno da se konflikt razreši kokreiranjem deljene verzije priče. (Ne)razrešenost sukoba u odnosu oblikovaće i sadržaj i koherent-nost identiteta adolescenta. Rad sadrži metodološke implikacije i praktične smernice za savetodavni rad sa adolescentima.The subject of this paper is the co-construction of adolescent identity during the narrativization of conflict with a friend. The study aimed to empirically map qualitative indicators of youth identity exploration during individual and collaborative narrativization of conflict and to shed light on the role of the involved peer in the co-construction of personal identity. The paper is based on sociocultural and, specifically, narrative theory. The sample consisted of 6 same-sex friend pairs of adolescents (aged 18-20), who had experienced a recent conflict. I combined a narrative approach of "big stories", where each of the 12 adolescents individually narrated the conflict with their friend, and a discursive approach of "small stories," which involved negotiating the conflict between the pairs of adolescent friends. Qualitative data analysis indicates that self- and other-representations are co-implicative, meaning that the adolescent defends personal identities challenged by the friend’s version of the conflict. Stabilized identities are contextually chosen and rhetorically persuasive, while problematic elements are omitted. Manifestations of identity exploration include reflections on past experiences and internal inconsistencies within the narrative. Compared to resolved conflicts, the negotiation of unresolved conflicts follows a specific pattern, while the resolution hinges on the creation of a shared version of the conflict that acknowledges the emotional hurt of the "injured" adolescent without being overly challenging for the "guilty" one. Violation of the friendship code makes the conflict more identity-challenging. I propose a model that connects the affective-motivational and self-representational domains. Individual stakes shape self- and other-positioning. Actualizing the stakes requires that the conflict is resolved by co-creating a shared version of the story. The resolution of the conflict within the relationship, or lack of thereof, will shape both the content and coherence of the adolescent's individual identity. The paper contains methodological implications and practical guidelines for counseling work with adolescents.

    Plant use and agricultural practices in the Early Neolithic of Pelagonia (North Macedonia)

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    Filozofski fakultetOva disertacija imala je za cilj da pruži sveobuhvatnu sliku o ulozi biljaka u životu ranoneolitskih zajednica u Pelagoniji (Severna Makedonija). Fokus istraživanja bio je na ispitivanju poljoprivrednih praksi, prehrambenih navika i šire upotrebe biljnih resursa u svakodnevnom životu na naseljima na tri nalazišta: Vlaho, Veluška Tumba i Vrbjanska Čuka. Kotlina u kojoj se nalaze ima kontinentalnu klimu i predstavlja jedno od najranijih područja u ovoj klimatskoj zoni gde se razvio neolitski način života počevši od 6400. godine p.n.e, gde je naseljavanje trajalo oko sedam vekova do 5700. p.n.e. Analiza arheobotaničkog materijala potvrdila je da su se ranoneolitske zajednice Pelagonije u velikoj meri oslanjale na poljoprivredu. Usevne vrste dominiraju među pronađenim biljnim ostacima, pri čemu su jednozrna pšenica i ječam bile najznačajnije žitarice, dok su sočivo i grašak imali ključnu ulogu među mahunarkama. Ima naznaka o upotrebi lana i opijumskog maka. Uočeno je odsustvo pojedinih useva koji su prisutni u jugozapadnoj Aziji, kao i regionalne razlike unutar Pelagonije, što ukazuje na prilagođavanje lokalnim ekološkim uslovima i kulturnim preferencama. Rezultati ukazuju na to da je zemljoradnja u ranom neolitu Pelagonije bila ekstenzivna, što se razlikuje od generalnog shvatanja o visokom intenzitetu neolitske zemljoradnje u susednim regionima. Funkcionalne ekološke karakteristike korovskih vrsta ukazuju na prilagođavanje uzgoja useva dostupnim prirodnim resursima, pri čemu su plavna i močvarna područja igrala značajnu ulogu u strategijama uzgoja biljaka. Takođe, zabeležena je inovacija u vidu prolećne setve, što predstavlja ključnu promenu u odnosu na dominantnu jesenju setvu u jugozapadnoj Aziji. Zabeleženi su brojni ostaci divljih jestivih biljaka koje su činile značajan deo ishrane ranoneolitskih zajednica odražavajući oslanjanje na prirodne resurse iz uže i šire okoline naselja, uprkos velikom značaju poljoprivrede. Sakupljani su drenjina, lešnik, kupina, trnjina, jabuka/kruška, zova i drugo voće sa jestivim plodovima, dok su nesumnjivo upotrebljavane i zeljaste biljke poput pepeljuge u ishrani. Biljke su imale ključnu ulogu i u mnogim drugim svakodnevnim aktivnostima, i smatra se da su upotrebljavane i za prehranu životinja, u medicinske svrhe, u zanatstvu i građevini i za održavanje vatre, što ukazuje na dobro poznavanje različitih svojstava biljnih materijala. Sveukupnim podacima ova disertacija doprinosi razumevanju ranih poljoprivrednih praksi u kontinentalnim delovima jugoistočne Evrope, naglašavajući specifičnosti i prilagodljivost neolitskih zajednica u Pelagoniji kroz analizu dijahronih promena u odabiru useva, zemljoradničkih strategija i kulturnih izbora. Rezultati potvrđuju da su se ranoneolitske zajednice Pelagonije oslanjale na upotrebu biljnih resursa, koji su odražavali dinamičan odnos između poljoprivrede, prirodnih uslova i kulturnih izbora.This dissertation aimed to provide a comprehensive picture of the role of plants in the life of early Neolithic communities in Pelagonia (North Macedonia). The focus of the research was on the examination of agricultural practices, food habits and wider use of plant resources in everyday life in settlements at three sites: Vlaho, Veluška Tumba and Vrbjanska Čuka. The basin in which they are located has a continental climate and represents one of the earliest areas in this climatic zone where the Neolithic way of life developed starting from 6400 BC, and was occupied for approximately seven centuries until 5700 BC. Analysis of the archaeobotanical material confirmed that the early Neolithic communities of Pelagonia relied heavily on agriculture. Crop species dominate the archaeobotanical assemblages, with einkorn wheat and barley being the most important cereals, while lentils and peas played a key role among pulses. There are indications of the use of flax and opium poppy. The absence of certain crops that are present in Southwest Asia, as well as regional differences within Pelagonia, was observed, indicating adaptation to local ecological conditions and cultural preferences. The results indicate that crop husbandry in the early Neolithic of Pelagonia was extensive, which differs from the general understanding of the high intensity of Neolithic agriculture in neighbouring regions. Functional ecological traits of weed species indicate adaptation of crop cultivation to available natural resources, with floodplains and wetlands playing a significant role in crop husbandry strategies. Also, there was an innovation in the form of spring sowing, which represents a key change in relation to the dominant autumn sowing in Southwest Asia. A large number of remains originating from wild edible plants were also recorded, which undoubtedly had a great importance in the diet of early Neolithic communities, reflecting the reliance on natural resources from the immediate and wider surroundings of the settlements, despite the great importance of agriculture. Dogwood, hazelnut, blackberry, thorn, apple/pear, elder and other species with edible fruits were collected, while herbaceous plants such as fat-hen were undoubtedly used in the diet. Plants also played a key role in many other everyday domestic activities, and were probably used as fodder, for medicinal purposes, crafts and construction, and fire maintenance, indicating a good understanding of various properties of plant materials. Overall, this dissertation contributes to the understanding of early agricultural practices in the continental parts of Southeast Europe, emphasizing the specificities and adaptability of Neolithic communities in Pelagonia through the analysis of diachronic changes in crop choice, agricultural strategies, and cultural preferences. The results confirm that the Early Neolithic communities of Pelagonia relied on the use of plant resources, which reflects a dynamic relationship between agriculture, natural environment and cultural choices

    A historical cartography of Serbia and Old Serbia in the second half of the 19th and at the beginning of the 20th century

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    Filozofski fakultetТема рада је детаљна анализа картографских представа Србије и Старе Србије у европској и српској картографији у другој половини 19. и почетком 20. века. За успешно разумевање историјске картографије наведене две области најпре је било неопходно указати на географске карактеристике и сагледати географски положај Србије и Старе Србије са различитих аспеката, с посебним нагласком на његовим променама у вези са политичким приликама. Затим је пажња посвећена настанку и разумевању географских и географско-политичких појмова српске земље, Србија, Стара Србија, Македонија, Херцеговина, Босна, Бугарска и Горња Албанија (Албанија), а у контексту јаснијег разумевања географског појма Старе Србије, али и генерално историјске географије централног дела Балканског полуострва. У раду је детаљно приказан развој аустријске и немачке картографије Србије и Старе Србије, са нагласком на улогу коју су те две картографске школе имале у ширењу географског знања и у географском упознавању ових области. Затим је анализирана улога руских официра у картирању Кнежевине Србије током тридесетих и седамдесетих година 19. века, а потом је представљено место Србије и Старе Србије на мапама бугарске картографске школе, као и других балканских и европских картографија заступљених са мањим бројем издања. Развој српске картографије посматран је у складу са њеном основном поделом на цивилну и војну картографију, уз указивање на етапе у њеном развоју и главне стране утицаје који су допринели обликовању традиција српске картографске школе. Етнографска картографија Старе Србије и Македоније представља изузетно важан сегмент у историјској картографији Балканског полуострва, посебно у периоду од 1878. до 1914. године, те је и њена детаљна анализа један од задатака овог рада, са посебним нагласком на изворима на основу којих су аутори повлачили границе народа у овом делу Европе. Такође, указано је и на улогу коју су етнографске карте имале у политичком и јавном животу друге половине 19. и почетком 20. века.In the paper, the main focus is on providing a detailed analysis of cartographic depictions of Serbia and Old Serbia which can be found in European and Serbian cartography of the second half of the 19th and early 20th century. To gain a better understanding of the historical cartography of the aforementioned traditions, it was firstly necessary to point out the geographic characteristics of Serbia and Old Serbia and to gain a broader view of their geographical position from a variety of perspectives, with a special emphasis on the changes which were elicited by political circumstances. Then the attention was dedicated to the genesis and understanding of the geographical and geo-political terminology behind such concepts as: Serbian lands, Serbia, Old Serbia, Macedonia, Herzegovina, Bosnia, Bulgaria and Upper Albania (Albania), all of this within the context of gaining a clearer notion of the geographical term Old Serbia, as well as the historical geography of the Central Balkans in general. This work also features a detailed overview of the development of depictions of Serbia and Old Serbia in Austrian and German cartography, and it also emphasizes the role that these two cartographic schools had in disseminating geographical knowledge of these regions, gaining a more profound understanding of them. Afterwards, an analysis of the role that Russian officers played in mapping the Principality of Serbia during the 1830s and 1870s is given, as well as how Serbia and Old Serbia are depicted on maps of the Bulgarian cartographic school, and those of other Balkan and European traditions as represented by more limited editions. The development of Serbian cartography is observed in accordance with its division into military and civilian cartography, while also tracing out the stages in its development and the main foreign influences which contributed to shaping the traditions of the Serbian cartographic school. The ethnographic mapping of Old Serbia and Macedonia represents an extremely important segment in the historical cartography of the Balkan Peninsula, especially in the period from 1878 to 1914, so a detailed analysis of it is one of the tasks of this work, with a special emphasis on the sources which the authors of these maps used to delineate the borders between people in this part of Europe. Finally, attention is drawn to the role that ethnographic cartography played in the political and public domain in the second half of the 19th and early 20th century.

    Conceptualising the “Holy Land” in the Orthodox Milieu of South-Eastern Europe (13th–16th C.)

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    Filozofski fakultetУ дисертацији се испитују начини на које је простор Свете земље (Палестине, Египта и Синаја) представљан у писаним изворима што их је изнедрио православни јужнословенски миље у периоду 13–16. столећа. С обзиром на специфични значај светих места за средњовековне хришћане, истраживање је имало за циљ да установи какве су културне импликације ове текстуалне представе могле имати у контекстима у којима (тј. за које) су настајале, односно каква су значења – духовна, богословска, али и идеолошка те политичка – у њих могла бити уписана и с којом намером. Разматрању, ослоњеном на аналитичке концепте позајмљене из неколико различитих дисциплина, подвргнут је изворни корпус чије језгро чине две категорије јужнословенских сведочанстава: списи чији су света места основни предмет те они у којима се она тематизују у оквиру неке шире целине. У прву групу спадају Слово о светим местима из Бдинског зборника, спис о светим местима који се приписује Константину Костенечком, Повест о јерусалимским црквама Никона Јерусалимца и састав чији је наводни аутор извесни Арсеније Солуњанин. Другу групу чине житијни текстови, конкретно они посвећени светом Сави Српском. Истраживање стратегија текстуалног конструисања простора Свете земље отворило је више подстицајних питања из културне историје југоисточне Европе позног средњег века; наиме, о побожним праксама, књижевним жанровима, принципима конструисања светости у хагиографији и политичко-теолошким програмима.The present dissertation tackles the ways in which the space of the Holy Land (Palestine, Egypt, and Sinai) was represented in the written sources produced by the Orthodox South Slavic milieu from the 13th to the 16th century. Given that the holy places held a position of considerable importance in the medieval Christian imaginaire, the aim of this research was to elucidate the cultural implications these textual representations might have had in the specific contexts in/for which they were fashioned; in other words, our purpose was to shed light on the variety of meanings – spiritual, theological but also ideological and political – with which these representations might have been imbued. The discussion, informed by analytical concepts borrowed from several disciplines, was based on a corpus of historical sources centred on two categories of South Slavic medieval writings: those focused primarily on the holy places and those that address the holy places within a wider thematic framework. The first group encompasses the Discourse on the Holy Places from the so-called Bdin Miscellany, a text on the holy places attributed to Constantine of Kostenec, the Narration on the Churches of Jerusalem by Nikon the Jerusalemite, and a work whose alleged author is a certain Arsenius of Thessalonike. The second group comprises hagiographical texts; more precisely, those dedicated to St Sava of Serbia. Reasearch on the strategies of constructing textual spaces of the Holy Land has led us to look into a number of thoughtprovoking issues concerning the cultural history of late medieval South-Eastern Europe; namely, devotional practices, literary genres, principles of constructing sanctity in hagiography, and politicaltheological programmes.

    Cultivating play in kindergarten

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    Predmet ove studije je kultivisanje igre u dečjem vrtiću. Studiju zasnivamo na učenju o igri kao kapacitetu fleksibilnosti u dejstvu, produbljujući ovo učenje konceptima filozofije transcendentalnog empirizma i savremenim teorijama afekta. Pronalazeći uporište u aktuelnoj reformi predškolskog vaspitanja i obrazovanja, ova studija odgovara na potrebu da neposrednije – situaciono i procesualno – razumemo kako igra nastaje i razvija se, koji je njen pedagoški potencijal i čime može biti kultivisana kroz svakodnevicu vaspitno-obrazovnog procesa u dečjem vrtiću. U skladu sa nastojanjem da igru pratimo na stvaralački način – koji pogoduje načinu na koji igru razumevamo – celokupna studija oblikovana je u metodološkom okviru difrakcije: na planu teorijskih polazišta, planu realizacije neposrednog istraživanja u dečjem vrtiću i na planu interpretacije podataka. Difrakcijom teorija otvorena je mogućnost sagledavanja igre na afektivnom planu, te je u neposrednom istraživanju sprovedenom u dečjem vrtiću korišćena afektivna etnografija. Difraktivna interpretacija podataka pokazala je da igra nastaje iz preokreta, te da se odvija u kretanju sa viškom i oslanjajući se na veru u zajednički proces. Kao pedagoški potencijal igre ukazuju se transformativnost i etičnost koje proces igranja omogućava, te se izvodi zaključak da je za kultivisanje igre neophodno obezvediti određene preduslove – otvoren model vaspitanja i obrazovanja, bogatstvo izbora materijala i simboličkih sredstava, i raznovrsnost sveukupnih iskustava – ali da je jednako značajno osnaživati senzibilitet i odvažnost istupanja kako kod dece, tako i kod odraslih koji učestvuju u vaspitno-obrazovnom procesu sa decom.The subject of this study is the cultivation of play in kindergarten. The study is based on the understanding of play as a capacity for flexibility in action, deepened by the concepts of the philosophy of transcendental empiricism and contemporary theories of affect. Grounded in the current reform of early childhood education in Serbia, this study responds to the need to understand more directly - situationally and procesually - how play originates and develops, what pedagogical potentials it opens and how it can be cultivated through the everyday educational process in kindergarten. With the effort to follow play in a creative way – which favours the way we understand the play - the entire study is shaped in the methodological framework of diffraction: on the plan of theoretical starting points, the plan of the direct research process in kindergarten and on the plan of data interpretation. The diffraction of theories opened the possibility of looking at play on the plan of affect, so affective ethnography was used in the direct research process in the kindergarten. Diffractive interpretation of the data showed that play arises from reversals and that it takes place in movement with excess, relying on faith in a common process. The pedagogical potential of play lies in the transformative and ethical nature of the playing process, so the conclusion is drawn that certain prerequisites must be provided for the cultivation of play – an open model of early childhood education, a rich selection of materials and symbolic means, and a variety of overall experiences – but that it is equally significant to strengthen the sensibility and audacity of stepping-out, both of children and of adults who participate in the educational process with children.

    Methodological Holism of Alexander von Humboldt: genesis, philosophical aspects and the relevance for the development of modern biolog

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    Filozofski fakultetOva disertacija postulira dva glavna cilja istraživanja. Prvi cilj predstavlja analiza naturalističke teorije Aleksandra fon Humbolta i razmatranje njenog uticaja na razvoj savremenih bioloških teorija: Darvinove teorije evolucije, Vernadskijeve teorije o biosferi i Lavlokove Gaja teorije. Drugi cilj, pak, podrazumeva identifikaciju i analizu različitih epistemoloških i metodoloških pretpostavki koje su uslovile prihvatanje, te odbacivanje darvinističke ideje o evoluciji organizama. S obzirom na to, glavna teza ovog rada tvrdi da Humboltova teorija može doprineti boljem razumevanju razvoja pojedinih ideja savremene biologije: 1) ideje o prirodi kao holističkom sistemu; 2) ideje o evoluciji organizama i 3) ideje o dinamičnoj prirodi koja se ogleda kroz interaktivan odnos između organizama i njihovog okruženja. Analiza i odbrana ove teze su sprovedene kroz četiri poglavlja u kojima se, nakon predstavljanja Humboltove teorije, analizira njen uticaj na razvoj Darvinove, Vernadskijeve i Lavlokove teorije. Kako se u literaturi može uočiti nedostatak detaljnog razmatranja Humboltove naturalističke teorije, ova disertacija započinje upravo ovakvim razmatranjem. U prvom poglavlju analiziram Humboltovu naturalističku teoriju koja predstavlja holističko stanovište o prirodi kao harmoničnoj celini međusobno povezanih prirodnih fenomena, a koja je bazirana na Kantovom učenju o granicama mogućeg saznanja. U skladu sa ovim učenjem, Humbolt formuliše pretpostavku o postojanju epistemoloških i metodoloških granica mogućeg saznanja. S obzirom na to, Humboltovo stanovište nazivam metodološkim holizmom – naturalističkom teorijom koja je utemeljena na eksperimentalnom, ali ograničenom metodu racionalnog empirizma. Dalje istraživanje u radu se fokusira na filozofsko i naučno razmatranje fenomena evolucije organizama i njihovog odnosa sa okruženjem koje nastanju – prirodnom sredinom, ekosistemom, inertnom materijom. Kako se Darvinova teorija neretko smatra polaznom tačkom u razvoju savremene biologije, svoje istraživanje u drugom poglavlju započinjem filozofskom i istorijskom analizom, te upoređivanjem Humboltovog i Darvinovog evolucionog stanovišta. Razmatranje Humboltovih zapisa o holizmu prirode, fosilne evidencije i geografske distribucije vrsta me navodi na zaključak da je Humbolt evolucionista. Povrh toga, analiza u ovom poglavlju identifikuje i ističe značajne sličnosti između Humboltovog i Darvinovog istraživanja evolucije vrsta, što me navodi na zaključak da su Humboltove evolucione ideje uticale na stvaranje Darvinove teorije evolucije. Uprkos tome, zaključujem da Humbolt veruje da ne možemo imati saznanje o evoluciji organizama; ne možemo saznati u kom smeru se odvija ovakav prirodni proces. Humboltove razloge za ovaj radikalni stav možemo pronaći u usvajanju Kantovog učenja o granicama našeg mogućeg saznanja i tezi o mehaničkoj neobjašnjivosti organizama. Preostala dva poglavlja su posvećena ispitivanju uticaja Humboltovog metodološkog holizma na savremene teorije sistemske nauke o Zemlji. Ova završnica rada je utemeljena na razmatranju sledećeg pitanja: da li su Humboltove ideje o prirodi, evoluciji i dinamičnoj interakciji organske i neorganske prirode obnovljene u savremenoj Vernadskijevoj teoriji o biosferi i Lavlokovoj Gaja teoriji? Analiza koju sam sprovela u trećem i četvrtom poglavlju pokazuje da je odgovor na ovo pitanje pozitivan. Shodno tome, u preostalom delu rada pokazujem da između Humboltovog, Vernadskijevog i Lavlokovog stanovišta postoje značajne sličnosti: ovi mislioci usvajaju holističku koncepciju prirode, baziraju svoje istraživanje na eksperimentalnom metodu i prepoznaju dinamičnu interakciju organizama sa prirodnom sredinom unutar koje jedinke ispoljavaju sposobnost za modifikovanjem prirodnog okruženja. Konačno, ovi mislioci usvajaju stanovište o zajedničkoj evoluciji organizama i njihovog okruženja. Dok je Humbolt indicirao ovakvo shvatanje evolucije, Vernadski ga je formulisao u obliku pretpostavke o evoluciji Biosfere, dok je Lavlok to učinio u vidu kontroverzne hipoteze o evoluciji Gaje. Uprkos ovim sličnostima, neophodno je imati u vidu i razlike koje postoje između Humboltovog, Vernadskijevog i Lavkovog stanovišta. Ove razlike su obuhvaćene razmatranjem pitanja: šta je život? Kao što pokazujem u radu, Humbolt i Vernadski se ustručavaju od odgovora na ovo pitanje. Lavlok, pak, usvaja definiciju života formulisanu u skladu sa drugom zakonu termodinamike, i pokazuje nam da shvatanje evolucije i distribucije organizama u prirodi zavisi od definicije života koju usvajamo u određenoj teoriji. U skladu sa predstavljenom analizom, konačni zaključak ovog istraživanja je sledeći: Humboltove fundamentalne ideje o prirodi kao holističkom sistemu, zajedničkoj evoluciji i dinamičnoj interakciji organske i neorganske prirode bivaju obnovljene i dodatno razvijene u savremenim biološkim teorijama. Usvajanje određenih epistemoloških i metodoloških pretpostavki može značajno uticati na prihvatanje ili odbacivanje pojedinih filozofskih i naučnih ideja poput ideje o evoluciji organizama. Upravo ovde treba da započne svaka filozofska analiza; u filozofskoj analizi treba poći od fundamentalnih pretpostavki na kojima počiva celokupna formulacija filozofskog argumenta.This dissertation postulates two main research objectives. The first objective is to analyse the naturalistic theory of Alexander von Humboldt, and to examine its influence on the development of modern biological theories: Darwin's theory of evolution, Vernadsky's theory of the biosphere, and Lovelock's Gaia theory. The second objective, however, is to identify and analyse distinct epistemological and methodological assumptions that influenced the acceptance or rejection of Darwinian idea of evolution of organisms. That being the case, the main thesis of this paper states that Humboldt’s theory can contribute to a better understanding of the development of ceratain ideas in modern biology: 1) the idea of nature as a holistic system; 2) the idea about evolution of organisms, and 3) the idea of dynamic nature that is reflected through interactive relation between organisms and their environment. The analysis and defense of this thesis cover four chapters that include the presentation and analysis of Humboldt’s theory, and its influence on the development of Darwin’s theory of evolution, Vernadsky’s theory of biosphere and Lovelock’s Gaia theory. Since contemporary literature lacks a detailed study of Humboldt’s naturalistic theory, this dissertation begins with such research. Thus, in the first chapter I analyse Humboldt’s naturalistic theory which represents a holistic conception of nature as harmonious whole of interconnected natural phenomena; as I argue, this theory is based on Kant's study of the limits of possible knowledge. Following Kant, Humboldt formulates fundamental assumption about epistemological and methodological limits of possible knowledge. I identiy Humboldt’s naturalistic position as methodological holism – a naturalistic theory grounded on experimental, yet limited method of rational empiricism. In the following sections of this paper I shift my focus to the philsophical and scientific research of the phenomenon of the evolution of organisms, and their relation with their natural environment, the so-called ecosystem or inert matter. As Darwin's theory is often considered the starting point of the development of modern biology, my analysis in the second chapter starts with philosophical and historical investigation, and correlation between Humboldt’s and Darwin’s stance about evolution. Following Humboldt’s claims about holism of nature, the fossil record, and geographical distribution of species, I conclude that Humboldt is an evolutionist. Further, my analysis identifies and emphasizes significant similarities between Humboldt’s and Darwin’s investigation of the evolution of species leading towards the conclusion that Humboldt’s evolutionary ideas influenced the formulation of Darwin’s theory of evolution. However, I conclude Humboldt believes we cannot acquire the knowledge about the evolution of organisms; we cannot uncover the precise direction of this natural process. I argue that Humboldt’s reasons for such radical stance can be found in Kant’s study about the limits of possible knowledge, and his thesis of mechanical inexplicability of organisms. The remaining two chapters question the influence of Humboldt’s methodological holism on contemporary theories of Earth systems science. The finalle of this paper investigates the following question: are Humboldt's ideas about nature, evolution, and dynamic interaction of organic and inorganic nature revived in contemporary Vernadsky's theory of the biosphere and Lovelock's Gaia theory? The analysis conducted in third and fourth chapter shows the answer to this question is positive. Accordingly, in the remaining part of this paper I show there are significant similarities between Humboldt's, Vernadsky's and Lovelock's standpoints: these scholars adopt a holistic conception of nature, and ground their research on the experimental method. Further, they recognize the dynamic interaction of organisms with distinct ecosystems – the interaction that unveils the ability of organic life to modify its environment. Finally, these scholars endorse the thesis about common evolution of organisms and their environment. Whilst Humboldt indicated such evolutionary view, Vernadsky explicitly formulated it in the form of hypothesis about the evolution of the Biosphere; Lovelock maintained it in the form of controversial hypothesis about the evolution of Gaia. Despite these similarities, however, it is necessary to note essential differences between Humboldt's, Vernadsky's and Lavlock's theory. These differences are encompassed with the following question: what is life? As I show, Humboldt and Vernadsky hesitate to provide the answer to this question. Nevertheless, Lovelock endorses a definition of life formulated in accordance with the second law of thermodynamics, and shows that our understanding of evolution and distribution of organisms in nature ultimately depends on the selected definition of life. The analysis presented thorughout four chapters of this work leads me to the final conclusion: Humboldt's fundamental ideas about nature as a holistic system, common evolution of organisms and their environment, and dynamic interaction of organic and inorganic nature are revived and further developed in modern biological theories. Further, I note that fundamental epistemological and methodological assumptions can significantly influence the acceptance or rejection of certain philosophical and scientific ideas, e.g., the idea of evolution of organisms. And this is precisely the starting point of every philosophical analysis; one should start with evaluation of the fundamental assumptions of any philosophical argumentation.

    Quine on ontological commitment and underdetermination

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    Filozofski fakultetCilj ovog istraživanja je kritička analiza Kvajnovog shvatanja ontoloških obaveza, prevashodno u kontekstu njegovih teza o apsolutnoj istini i subdeterminaciji. Koristeći se interpretativno-kritičkim metodom, nastojaćemo da pokažemo da je Kvajnovo fizikalističko određenje ontologije posledica njegovog usvajanja naturalizma, ali i holističkog pristupa problemima saznanja. Sledeći metod pojmovne analize, videćemo da Kvajn pojam „fizike” koristi na dva različita načina. Fizika je u užem smislu nauka o materiji, dok u širem smislu označava globalnu teoriju o spoljašnjem svetu. Analogno pojmu „fizike”, analiziraćemo uži i širi smisao koji Kvajn pripisuje pojmu „jezika”. Zastupaćemo tezu prema kojoj su jezik i fizika (shvaćena u užem smislu) ontološki paralelni i da oni, zajedno sa ostalim naučnim teorijama, čine globalnu teoriju koja tek u svojoj celini postaje nosilac ontoloških obaveza. Tvrdićemo da Kvajnovo tumačenje ontologije svoj potpuni oblik zadobija u njegovim poznijim radovima, gde uvodi tezu o apsolutnoj istini kojom se garantuje da ontološke obaveze globalne teorije neće biti međusobno protivrečne. Konzistentnost ontoloških obaveza globalne teorije biće dovedena u pitanje u kontekstu rasprave o istinosnom statusu teorija koje podležu subdeterminciji. Naime, Kvajn se dugo kolebao u pogledu toga da li su u ovim slučajevima obe teorije istinite (ekumenski odgovor zasnovan na empirizmu) ili samo jedna od njih (sektaški odgovor zasnovan na naturalizmu). Oslanjajući se na istorijski i interpretativno-kritički metod, kao i zaključak o globalnoj teoriji kao nosiocu apsolutne istine, tvrdićemo da naturalizam u pogledu ontologije ima prednost nad empirizmom i da samo jedna teorija može biti istinita, uprkos tome što su obe potkrepljene empirijskim svedočanstvom.This research aims to critically analyze Quine's interpretation of ontological commitment, primarily in the context of his theses on absolute truth and underdetermination. Using the interpretative-critical method, we will try to show that Quine's physicalist rendition of ontology originates from his adoption of naturalism, along with his holistic approach to the knowledge problems. Following the method of conceptual analysis, we will see that Quine uses the term ‘physics’ in two different ways. In its narrow definition, physics is the science of matter, while in a broader sense, it represents a global theory about the external world. Analogous to the term 'physics', we shall analyze the narrow and broad sense that Quine attributes to the term 'language'. We shall uphold the thesis of ontological parallelism between language and physics (understood in its narrow sense) and claim that they, together with other scientific theories, form a global theory that only in its entirety becomes the reservoir of ontological commitment. We will argue that Quine's interpretation of ontology takes its final form in his later works, as he introduces the thesis of absolute truth, which guarantees that the ontological commitment of the global theory does not contain contradictions. The consistency in the global theory's ontological commitment will be challenged in the debate on the truth status of theories subject to underdetermination. Quine wavered for a long time as to whether, in these cases, both theories are true (an ecumenical response based on empiricism) or only one (a sectarian response based on naturalism). Relying on the historical and interpretive-critical method, as well as the judgment that the global theory is the bearer of absolute truth, we will argue that naturalism has an ontological precedence over empiricism and that only one theory can be true, despite both of them being supported by the empirical evidence.

    True religion in Hume’s Dialogues concerning natural religion

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    Filozofski fakultetGlavni cilj ove disertacije je utvrđivanje značenja i uloge istinske religije u Hjumovim Dijalozima o prirodnoj religiji. Pažljivom analizom i interpretacijom primarnog teksta pokazujem da dva lika u Dijalozima brane dva različita shvatanja istinske religije. Teista Kleant zastupa tezu da je istinska religija gledište blisko hrišćanstvu čija je primarna uloga da podrži moralnost, dok skeptik Filon zastupa gledište da istinska religija nema nikakvog uticaja na ljudski život i da se njen celokupni sadržaj može izraziti pomoću tvrđenja da uzrok ili uzroci uređenosti u svetu verovatno stoje u nekoj udaljenoj analogiji sa ljudskom inteligencijom. Najvažniji rezultat ove analize je detaljno potkrepljena teza da je Filonova istinska religija jedino gledište do kojeg pomoću argumenta o osmišljenosti uopšte možemo da dođemo. Drugi važan cilj ove disertacije je pružanje interpretacije Hjumovog religioznog stanovišta koja se zasniva na prethodno sprovedenoj analizi istinske religije u Dijalozima ali i u širem kontekstu Hjumove filozofije religije. U tom cilju najpre argumentujem da je Filon primarni zastupnik Hjumovih gledišta u Dijalozima a zatim pokazujem da se njegova istinska religija može pripisati Hjumu te da je Hjuma stoga najbolje opisati kao skeptika u pogledu religije.The main goal of this dissertation is to establish the meaning and role of true religion in Hume’s Dialogues concerning natural religion. By means of a meticulous analysis and interpretation of the original writings, I show that two characters in the Dialogues defend two different conceptions of true religion. The theist Cleanthes upholds the thesis per which true religion is a viewpoint akin to Christianity whose primary role is to support morality, whereas the sceptic Philo advocates the view that true religion has no influence whatsoever upon human life and that its entire content may be expressed by the statement that the cause or causes of order in the universe probably bear some remote analogy to human intelligence. The most important result of the ensuing analysis is the elaborately corroborated thesis that Philo’s true religion is the only viewpoint which may be reached by means of the argument from design. The second important aim of this dissertation concerns the development of an interpretation of Hume’s religious standpoint which is based upon the previoiusly conducted analysis of true religion in the Dialogues as well as within the broader context of Hume’s philosophy of religion. In that regard, I first provide arguments in support of the claim that Philo is the main representative of Hume’s views in the Dialogues, and then show that we may ascribe his understanding of true religion to Hume himself and thus conclude that Hume is best described as a sceptic when it comes to religion.

    Relationship between health and social status in Bronze Age culture Maros: necropolises Mokrin and Ostojićevo

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    Filozofski fakultetPredmet istraživanja ove disertacije su skeletni i arheološki markeri zdravstvenog i društvenog statusa osoba sahranjenih na nekropolama Mokrin i Ostojićevo. Analizirani su skeleti odraslih individua pronađeni u moriškim grobovima, a posebna pažnja posvećena je analizi hipoplastičnih defekata gleđi, te markerima nespecifičnog stresa (cribra orbitalia, porotična hiperostoza i periostoza). Istraživan je odnos između preživljenih epizoda stresa u detinjstvu (praćenih kroz prisustvo hipoplazije gleđi) i zdravstvenih ishoda i dužine životnog veka. U analizu su uključeni podaci o polu/rodu i socijalnom statusu. Cilj istraživanja je da kroz analizu zdravstvenog statusa odgovorimo na pitanja o individualnom i populacionom zdravlju, vezi preživljenog stresa u detinjstvu sa kasnijim zdravstvenim ishodima, ali i odnosu zdravlja i društvenog uređenja moriške kulturne grupe. Pretpostavili smo da će individue koje su preživele epizodu stresa u detinjstvu imati više šanse da razviju patološke promene kasnije u životu, da će živeti kraće, te da će biti nižeg rasta. Rezultati istraživanja pokazali su da, merene na ovaj način, epizode stresa preživljene u detinjstvu nisu uticale na ostvarivanje potencijala telesnog rasta, a da postoje naznake negativnog uticaja na dužinu životnog veka kod muškaraca i ograničenog negativnog uticaja na zdravstveni status. Analize odnosa zdravstvenih i društvenih markera upućuju nas na tumačenje društvenog uređenja moriške kulturne grupe kroz model rangiranih društava po kome razlilke u pristupu osnovnim resursima koji mogu uticati na zdravstvene ishode ne postoje među pripadnicima različitog pola/roda i društvenih kategorija.The subjects of research of this dissertation are skeletal and archaeological markers of health and social status of individuals buried in the necropolises of Mokrin and Ostojićevo. Skeletons of adult individuals found in Maros graves were analyzed, and special attention was paid to the analysis of hypoplastic defects of enamel, and markers of non-specific stress (cribra orbitalia, porotic hyperostosis and periostosis). The relationship between survival of stress episodes in childhood (monitored through the presence of enamel hypoplasia) and health outcomes and life expectancy was investigated. Sex/gender and social status data are included in the analysis. The aim of the research is to answer questions about individual and population health, the connection between surviving childhood stress and later health outcomes, but also the relationship between health and social organization of the Maros cultural group. We hypothesized that individuals who survived an episode of childhood stress would be more likely to develop pathological changes later in life, to have shorter life expectancy, and to be of shorter stature. The results of the research showed that, measured in this way, episodes of stress experienced in childhood did not affect the realization of physical growth potential, and that there are indications of negative impact on life expectancy in men and limited negative impact on health status. Analyses of the relationship between health and social markers lead us to interpret the social organization of Maros cultural group using the model of ranked societies, which posits that differences in access to basic resources that may affect health outcomes do not exist among members of different sexes/genders and social categories.

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