209 research outputs found
Grossuana durrelli Georgiev & Glöer 2018, n. sp.
No full textGrossuana durrelli n. sp. Type materials: Holotype: shell height 2.3 mm, width 1.5 mm, from type locality (ZMH 87654). Paratypes: 10 specimens in ethanol ((ZMH 87655), 7 specimens in coll. Glöer, 5 specimens in coll. Georgiev. Type locality: Greece, N Corfu Island, Klimatia village, Kato vrisi spring; N 394428,3 E194652.0, 191 m alt., 28.07.2018 Georgiev leg. Etymology: Named in honour to Gelard Durrel (British naturalist, conservationist, zookeeper, writer and television presenter) who used to live on Corfu and inspired the senior author with his books. Description: Shell ovoid conical, 4-4.5 slightly convex whorls with a deep suture. Lateral line nearly straight to slightly convex, columellar border thickened, umbilicus closed. Operculum red. Shell height 1.9-2.4 mm, 1.2-1.5 mm width. Penis with two small outgrowths, hardly visible (fig. 7). Distal part of the penis tapered, basis broad. Differentiating features: In the region of Corfu no Grossuana spp. are known yet (Falniowski et al. 2015) thus we compare it with all Grossuana spp. from Grecce. G. durrelii n. sp. has more whorls and is more conical than G. tembii Boeters, Glöer & Falniowski 2018, in addition the penis of G. tembii has a dark spot at the distal part, G. durrelli has not. The Grossuana spp. which occur in Macedonia (N Greece) are more globular (Glöer et al. 2018), as well as G. marginata (Westerlund, 1881) from Euboea. G. delphica is smaller than G. durrelii n. sp. and the periostome is not thickened at the columella (Radoman 1983, pl. 2, fig. 31). In 2013 Georgiev found Grossuana angeltskovi Glöer & Georgiev, 2009 in N-Greece, but this species is more globular than G. durrelli n. sp. and the penis of it has a dark spot. Distribution: Only known from type locality. Habitat: Living specimens were found on small stones, gravel and sand in running water of a ditch just below the spring. The area of the spring is a karst terrain rich on limestone formations (it is close to the Anthropograva Cave).Published as part of Georgiev, Dilian & Glöer, Peter, 2018, A new species of Grossuana Radoman, 1973 (Caenogastropoda: Truncatelloidea) from Corfu Island (Greece), pp. 22-25 in Ecologica Montenegrina 19 on pages 23-24, DOI: 10.37828/em.2018.19.2, http://zenodo.org/record/805593
Emberizotaenia aeschlii Mariaux & Georgiev 2020, sp. nov.
No full textEmberizotaenia aeschlii sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: AF7C4CCB-7621-4DA1-B97E-2DD43AAFC4E2 Figs 1–3, Table 1 Etymology The species is dedicated to the late Prof. André Aeschlimann, parasitologist and mentor of the senior author, who was familiarly known as “Aeschli” to his colleagues and students. Material examined Holotype MALAYSIA • Selangor, University of Malaya’s Gombak Field Station; 3.32° N, 101.77° E; 280–350 m a.s.l.; 31 Jul. 2010; no molecular voucher; MHNG-PLAT-120682. Comparative material AUSTRALIA • transverse sections of syntypes of Emberizotaenia chlamyderae (Krefft, 1871) Bona, 1994 from Chlamydera maculata (Gould, 1837) (Passeriformes, Ptilonorhynchidae); SAM-AHC 20445. Type host Tricholestes criniger (Blyth, 1845) (Passeriformes, Pycnonotidae). Prevalence 17% (1/6). Description Body small, 22.5 mm long, with maximum width 1075 at level of pregravid proglottides; consisting of 115 proglottides (last proglottides pregravid). Proglottides craspedote, always wider than long. Scolex rounded, not delineated from neck, 430 in diameter (Fig. 1). Suckers rounded, 185–200 (194, n = 4) in diameter; muscular, unarmed. Rostellar apparatus unarmed, weakly muscular, with well-developed glandular tissue within rostellar sac, especially in its posterior half. Rostellar sac regular, cylindrical, almost reaching level of posterior margin of suckers, 225 × 88. Rostellum discrete, poorly delineated and very weak, 64 × 20, glandular. Proglottization distinct at 300 from posterior margin of suckers. Genital pores situated in anterior 25% of length of lateral proglottis margin, irregularly alternating in very short series, e.g., 2, 2, 2, 1, 2, 1, 3, 1, 3, 1, 2, 1; no more than 4 consecutive pores observed on one side. Ventral osmoregulatory canals up to 40 wide, connected posteriorly in each proglottis by transverse anastomosis. Dorsal osmoregulatory canals 6–7 wide. Genital ducts passing between osmoregulatory canals. Genital atrium small, sink-shaped, up to about 18–22 deep and 15–17 in diameter. Testes 26–34 (29, n = 14) in number; in 2 or 3 layers, in one continuous posterior field, sometimes overlapping osmoregulatory canals and often overlapping posterior lobes of ovary and vitellarium (Fig. 2). External vas deferens convoluted in antero-poral part of median field. Cirrus-sac elongate, 170–212 × 36–50 (191 × 43, n = 20), usually straight, crossing osmoregulatory canals; distal extremity with large cells (Fig. 3). Internal vas deferens forming several coils, mostly in proximal half of cirrus sac. Cirrus unarmed, about 100–130 long and usually straight when invaginated. Vitellarium central, compact, transversely elongate, variable in shape but often forming a flattened V or reniform. Ovary antero-central, transversely elongate, bi-alate, multilobate, antiporal wing larger than poral wing; not overlapping longitudinal osmoregulatory canals. Mehlis’ gland subglobular, anterior to vitellarium. Seminal receptacle round, becoming more oval when full but never elongated, reaching up to 190 × 145 in pregravid proglottides, dorsal and between ovary wings. Vagina opens posterior to male pore, straight and transverse, parallel to cirrus-sac; thick-walled, surrounded by a loose sheath of large cells irregularly positioned along entire canal; no vaginal sphincter (Fig. 3). Uterus starts its development in late mature proglottides as a diffuse ventral reticulum, progressively forming numerous small lobes and occupying entire median field; crossing osmoregulatory canals and extending into lateral fields. Uterus eventually becoming sacciform with deep septa. Developing oncospheres round, 19–21 in diameter, no fully developed eggs or embryonic hooks observed. Remarks Dilepidids with a reduced, unarmed, apical apparatus belong to a number of genera. An important differentiating character for distinguishing among them is the presence (or not) of a rudimentary unarmed rostellum, or “bulb” (Bona 1994). This structure is a diagnostic character of two genera, Eburneotaenia Bona, 1994, with type species E. eburnea (Mariaux & Vaucher, 1988), characterised also by the presence of sucker armature consisting of small punctiform spines (see Mariaux & Vaucher 1988), and Emberizotaenia Spasskaya, 1970, which has unarmed suckers. Our specimen has such an unarmed bulb, albeit weak, and has unarmed suckers. Therefore, it belongs to Emberizotaenia, a genus known from birds of the order Passeriformes in the Palaearctic Region and in Australia. Bona (1994) mentioned Africa and Sri Lanka in the geographical range of this genus but without further explanation or reference; we consider the information about these geographical areas may come from his personal unpublished data. The new species described here essentially fits the generic diagnosis proposed by Bona (1994). There is an exception related to the number of testes, which are “numerous” (26–34) in our material, instead of “very numerous” as mentioned in the generic diagnosis; according to Bona (1994), the adopted range for “very numerous testes” refers to “from about 36 to 60, seldom more”. However, the type species E. reductorhyncha (Spasskaya, 1957), as well as E.skrjabiniana (Spasskaya, 1958), also have “numerous” testes (Table 1), i.e., between 14 and 35 according to Bona’s (1994) definition. In addition, we could not observe the osmoregulatory canals forming a network posterior to the scolex in our specimens; this character may, however, be difficult to observe depending on the state of conservation and the fixation of the material, and has not been reported in the original descriptions of the majority of the known species. Therefore, we doubt that it is a reliable character to be used for generic differentiation. Currently, the genus Emberizotaenia includes 4 species: 1. Emberizotaenia reductorhyncha (Spasskaya, 1957) (type species) [Anomotaenia reductorhyncha Spasskaya, 1957; Unciunia reductorhyncha in Matevosyan 1963; Ptilotolepis reductorhyncha in Spasskaya & Spasskii 1977], originally described from Poecile cinctus (Boddaert, 1783) (syn. Parus cinctus) (Paridae) from Vilyuyskiy Rayon, Yakutia, Russia (Spasskaya 1957). Subsequently, this species was redescribed and illustrated from “ Parus atricapillus ” from Tuva (Russia); however, Poecile atricapillus is currently believed to represent a North American species (Lepage 2019) and this record probably refers to P. montanus Conrad von Baldenstein, 1827. Other host records are those from P. palustris Linnaeus, 1758 from Tuva (Spasskaya & Spasskii 1971) and from Parus major Linnaeus, 1758 from Ukraine (Salamatin 1999). The records of E. reductorhyncha from Turdus philomelos Brehm, 1831 (= Turdus ericetorum) from Moldova (Shumilo & Spasskaya 1975; Spasskaya & Spasskii 1977) and Kaliningradskaya Oblast’ of Russia (Galkin 1981) most probably refer to another congeneric species, E. raymondi (see Georgiev & Genov 1993). Therefore, E. reductorhyncha is a specific parasite to birds of the family Paridae known from the Northern Palaearctic. 2. Emberizotaenia skrjabiniana (Spasskaya, 1958) Spasskaya, 1970 [Anomotaenia skrjabiniana Spasskaya, 1958; Pseudanomotaenia skrjabiniana in Matevosyan 1963; Ptilotolepis skrjabiniana in Spasskaya & Spasskii 1977] from Emberiza leucocephalos Gmelin, 1771 (Emberizidae) from Tuva (Russia) (Spasskaya 1958). Kornyushin (1972) reported this species from Ukraine but without providing data on its host and morphology. Spasskaya & Spasskii (1977) mentioned it from Galerida cristata (Linnaeus, 1758) (Alaudidae) from Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic (Transcaucasia) on the basis of the unpublished dissertation by Sadykhov but this record needs additional confirmation. Ryšavý (1979) believed that the original description by Spasskaya (1958) had been based on specimens with lost rostellar hooks and identified cestodes with armed rostella from Fringilla coelebs Linnaeus, 1758 (Fringillidae) from Czechia as this species; the details in the description given by Ryšavý (1979) do not allow the identification of his cestodes at the generic level. Therefore, the only reliable report of E. skrjabiniana is the original description by Spasskaya (1958). 3. Emberizotaenia raymondi (Gigon & Beuret, 1991) [Unciunia raymondi Gigon & Beuret, 1991; Ptilotolepis raymondi in Georgiev & Genov 1993; Ptilotolepis philomelae Okulewicz, 1991] from Turdus philomelos (Turdidae) from Switzerland (type locality) (Gigon & Beuret 1991), Poland (Okulewicz 1991), Bulgaria (Georgiev & Genov 1993) and, possibly from Moldova and Kaliningradskaya Oblast’, Russia (as Emberizotaenia reductorhyncha, see above). Therefore, for the moment, this species is a specific parasite of Turdus philomelos known from Europe only. 4. Emberizotaenia chlamyderae (Krefft, 1873) [Taenia chlamyderae Krefft, 1873; Choanotaenia chlamyderae in Johnston 1911; Icterotaenia chlamyderae in Baer 1925; Paricterotaenia chlamyderae in Fuhrmann 1932; Polycercus chlamyderae in Schmidt 1986] from Chlamydera maculata (Gould, 1837) (Ptilonorhynchidae) from New South Wales, Australia, known from its original description (Krefft 1873) and a drawing of the scolex by Bona (1994). Unfortunately, most of Krefft’s material, including specimens observed by Bona, seems to be lost, with only 3 slides of sections remaining. These allowed us to obtain a few measurements of the cirrus-sac at 111 × 33 (90–137 × 27–41, n = 7), as well as to obtain a very rough estimate of testis number, probably less than 20 (Table 1). Even in the absence of gravid proglottides, our specimen is unambiguously distinguishable from all of them (Table 1). It differs from E. reductorhyncha by the higher number of testes (26–34 vs 16–20) and a longer cirrus sac (170–212 vs 145); from E. skrjabiniana by its smaller cirrus sac (170–212 vs 248–256) and smaller rostellar sac (225 × 88 vs 320 × 330). Our material is more similar to E. raymondi. Metrical characters in both taxa are very similar, but a number of differences nevertheless allow them to be distinguished morphologically. The most obvious ones are the shape of the rostellar pouch, which is globular in E. raymondi and more elongated in our material, as well as the presence of distinctive large cells making a loose sheath around a strongly walled vagina in the Malaysian material. Additionally, E. raymondi has as larger scolex and suckers; a more elongate cirrus sac, a higher proportion of it extending in median field; and a smaller seminal receptacle. From E. chlamyderae, a species with very poorly known anatomy, our specimen differs by its three times smaller body length, a larger cirrus-sac and, possibly, higher number of testes. Together with the host and the geographical origin of our material, these observations allow its recognition as a new species, Emberizotaenia aeschlii sp. nov. Pycnonotidae represents a new host family for this genus of cestodes.Published as part of Mariaux, Jean & Georgiev, Boyko B., 2020, Cestode parasites (Neodermata, Platyhelminthes) from Malaysian birds, with description of five new species, pp. 1-35 in European Journal of Taxonomy 616 on pages 3-7, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.616, http://zenodo.org/record/392685
Correction:An accessory head of the extensor indicis: a rare case report
No full textCorrection: Surgical and Radiologic Anatomyhttps://doi.org/10.1007/s00276-024-03433-7In this article the author name Georgi P. Georgiev was incorrectly written as Georgie Georgiev. The original article has been corrected.</p
Dictymetra gerganae Mariaux & Georgiev 2018, sp. nov.
No full textDictymetra gerganae sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: B01CE7CD-9AB5-4861-9938-9C39350875BB Figs 17–22, Table 4 Etymology The species is dedicated to our friend and colleague, Dr. Gergana Vasileva (Sofia, Bulgaria), a recognized specialist of avian cestodes taxonomy. Material examined Holotype AUSTRALIA: Tasmania, 16 Oct. 1981, David Obendorf (?) leg. (AHC 36489). Paratypes AUSTRALIA: about 14 specs, same data as for holotype (AHC 36490 –36494). Other material AUSTRALIA: about 20 very fragmented specs, previously identified as “ Choanotoania sp. nov.” by R. Wilcox, Victoria, Healesville, 37°41′ S, 145°32′ E, 20 Mar. 1997, P. Holz leg., 21 Oct. 1997 (AHC 36495). Host Podargus strigoides (Latham, 1802) (Caprimulgiformes, Podargidae). Site of infection Intestine. Intensity About 15 specimens in a single host. Description Body of medium size, with length 65–73 mm and maximum width 1.88–2.3 mm (2.03 mm, n = 5) at level of gravid proglottides. Most complete specimens consisting of 79–92 proglottides. Proglottides craspedote, wider than long, progressively becoming longer than wide and up to over twice as long as wide when gravid. Osmoregulatory canals mostly indistinct due to the slight maceration of the specimens. Scolex rounded (Fig. 17), with diameter 305–360 (n = 2). Suckers rounded, 145–175 (158, n = 8) in diameter, smooth. Rostellar apparatus musculo-glandular (Fig. 17). Rostellar sac well-delineated, but weakly muscular, extending beyond level of posterior margin of suckers, 230–292 × 118–145 (n = 4). Rostellum heavily muscular with expanded anterior part bearing rostellar hooks, bulb-shaped behind hooks, 195–212 × 98–132 (n = 2). Rostellar hooks in two regular rows, 24 in number, robust, slightly curved overall, with long blade and handle. Anterior hooks 46–53 when measured on complete scolex (49.5, n = 6) long (see also other material below); posterior hooks, slightly larger and more curved than those of anterior row (Fig. 18) (see also other material below). Neck short and weakly marked, 200–250 (n = 2) wide; proglottization distinct at 230–325 (268, n = 3) from posterior margin of suckers. Genital pores anterior, situated at border of anterior 20% of lateral proglottis margin, irregularly alternating in short series; up to seven consecutive pores observed on one side. Position of genital ducts in relation to excretory canals not observed. Genital atrium small, barely marked. No genital papilla. Testes 60–77 (70, n = 16) in number, in single layer with occasional overlaps, in one continuous large field, filling posterior two thirds of median field, extending in anterior direction up to level of vitellarium both porally and antiporally, often more anteriorly, up to level of ovary on antiporal side (Fig. 19). External vas deferens 20–27 in diameter highly convoluted and making compact mass adjacent to cirrussac at level of antiporal wing of ovary; sometimes partially overlapping cirrus-sac and (or) seminal receptacle. Cirrus-sac small, ovoid to pyriform, 100–132 × 65–83 (115 × 74, n = 42), opening into ductus masculinus surrounded with thin setae (26–36 long), forming a dense terminal tuft (Figs 20–21). Internal vas deferens forming several coils. Cirrus cylindrical, terminally ornate, with long thin setae, mostly difficult to distinguish from those of ductus masculinus. Vitellarium slightly posterior to level of cirrus-sac, poral to proglottis’ midline, antiporal to seminal receptacle, compact and weakly lobate. Ovary small, anterior, slightly poral, bi-alate and lightly lobulate: antiporal wing larger and more anterior than poral wing, at level of vas deferens; poral wing smaller and at level of vitellarium; ovarial wings on both sides of vitellarium. Seminal receptacle elongate, poral to or partially overlapping poral wing of ovary. Vagina opening posteriorly to male pore, most often straight, sometimes slightly bent, rather wide (18–30 in diameter) and short. Vaginal walls regular, bordered externally by loose small cells. Uterus starts its development in late mature proglottides as reticulum situated ventrally to testes and female gonads and occupying entire median field, crossing osmoregulatory canals and lateral parts of it situated in lateral fields. Outer shell of eggs with irregular shape, sometimes not distinct (Fig. 22). Embryophore oval, 50–65 (57, n = 20) in diameter, thick. Oncosphere round to slightly oval, 28–40 (33, n = 17) in diameter. Central embryonic hooks 20–21.5 (20.5, n = 12) long, lateral ones 16.5–19.5 (18, n = 18). Observations on additional specimens Although there is no doubt that this material is conspecific with the one described above, we do not include it in the type series due to its poor preservation state. Its observable general characteristics fit the above description with the exception of the occasional presence of well-marked genital papillae. Three hook preparations allowed for more precise observations and measurements of the rostellar armament. We counted 24 hooks on two complete sets, and 20 on an incomplete one. Hooks measuring 48–52 (49.2, n = 23) and 50–56 (52.8, n = 26) in the anterior and posterior crowns, respectively. Remarks Helminth parasites of frogmouths are virtually unknown. As for tapeworms, the single reported taxon from these birds is Proparuterina aruensis Fuhrmann, 1911 from the Aru Islands in Podargus papuensis (Fuhrmann 1911; Georgiev & Vaucher 2003). Unidentified cestodes were however more recently reported in P. strigoides in Queensland by Gelis et al. (2011). Some confusion exists around the systematic organization of dilepidids with cirrus bearing a terminal tuft of long fine spines. According to Bona (1994), they should be distributed in 12 distinct genera and this author provided diagnoses for each of them. By presenting medium-sized strobila, rostellar hooks in two rows, irregularly alternating pores and a reticulate uterus, our material should be placed in Dictymetra Clark, 1952 that has Charadriiformes as ‘typical hosts’ (Bona 1994). Egg polar processes that are typical of worms with aquatic life-cycles are found in these taxa. It should be noted that other (including terrestrial) birds are also considered by Bona as hosts of members of Dictymetra. They include Passeriformes (for D. belopolskajae Spasskaya & Spasskii, 1973) and Trogoniformes, although the latter are unpublished. This obviously casts some doubts about the monophyly of the genus. The genus Dictymetra has been erected by Clark (1952) for cestodes found in North American curlews and has been considered very variably by different authors since then, including as a synonym of Krimi Burt, 1944 (see Matevosyan 1963) or Anomotaenia Cohn, 1900 (see Bona 1975; Schmidt 1986). In the review of the Dilepididae that we follow here, Bona (1994) gives a detailed diagnosis of the genus, which is significantly different from the original one from Clark (1952). In accordance with Spasskaya & Spasskii (1978), and contrary to Schmidt (1972), he also considers D. radiaspinosa Matevosyan, 1953 (syn. D. numenii Clark, 1952, nec Owen 1949) as its type species. Liga Weinland, 1857, which is found in terrestrial birds, mostly Piciformes, is another genus with characters close to those of Dictymetra but normally with a small strobila and dorsal genital ducts. Several members of this genus, however, have a longer strobila reaching the size of the present material. For this reason, we compared our material to the presently recognized species of Dictymetra as well as to the “long” Liga spp. (Table 4). As for Australia, D. adelaidae (Schmidt, 1972) from the spur-winged plover (Lobibyx novaehollandiae Stephens, 1819 now Vanellus miles novaehollandiae) in Queensland was described by Schmidt (1972) as a member of Lapwingia Singh, 1952, which is now considered a synonym of Dictymetra (see Bona 1994). This species does not fit to the diagnosis of Dictymetra and should be place in another genus. Spasskaya & Spasskii (1978) transferred it to the genus Anomotaenia Cohn, 1900. It is in any case very different from the present material for most usual characters, including the length of hooks (shorter) and number of testes (less numerous). Our material clearly differs from all recognized species in the genus (Table 4) by several characters, the most obvious being the high number of testes, which is only approached but not matched by D. volvulus (von Linstow, 1906). The latter species has however slightly smaller rostellar hooks and a much shorter cirrus-sac. In consequence, we consider our specimens as belonging to a new species that we name Dictymetra gerganae sp. nov. Even though we are confident that this taxon is new, we should notice that the whole taxonomic organization of this group of genera remains quite uncertain due to the scarcity of reliable information for many species. This will probably lead to their complete revision and the definition of new genera, in which our material may need to be placed in the future.Published as part of Mariaux, Jean & Georgiev, Boyko B., 2018, Seven new species of cestode parasites (Neodermata, Platyhelminthes) from Australian birds, pp. 1-42 in European Journal of Taxonomy 440 on pages 17-22, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2018.440, http://zenodo.org/record/382755
A Study of the Relationship between Vanity Trait and Social Comparison
No full textThe aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between vanity traits and social comparison among music fans. In-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with 12-18 year-old adolescents in Taiwan. The results of this study show that: (1) fans with high level of concerns with their physical appearance were likely to make “lateral” social comparison; (2) fans with strong view on physical appearance were likely to make “downward” social comparison; (3) fans with high level of concerns with achievements were likely to make “upward” social comparison; and (4) fans with strong view on achievements were likely to make “lateral” social comparison. A key contribution of this study is the development of these four research propositions
Thermopower and thermoelectric power factor of Zk parafermion quantum dots
No full textAbstractUsing the conformal field theory approach to the thermoelectric characteristics of fractional quantum Hall states, previously developed in Georgiev (2015) [10], we show that the thermoelectric power factor of Coulomb-blockaded islands, realized by point contacts in Fabry–Pérot interferometers in the Zk parafermion Hall states, could give reliable signatures for distinguishing the topological orders of different quantum Hall states having identical electric properties. For example, while the conductance peak patterns in the Coulomb blockade regime for such states are practically indistinguishable for vn≪vc even at finite temperature, where vn and vc are the Fermi velocities of the neutral and charged modes respectively, the power factors PT of the corresponding states are much more sensitive to the neutral modes. In particular, the smaller r=vn/vc the bigger the asymmetries in the power factor which combined with the thermal broadening of the conductance peaks due to the neutral modes' multiplicities could give us the ultimate tool to figure out which of the competing quantum Hall universality classes are indeed realized in the experiments. We give a complete description of the power factor profiles in the Z3 and Z4 parafermion states with arbitrary number of quasiparticles localized in the bulk which could be useful for comparison with the experiments
ОБ'ЄДНАННЯ SOA І ХМАРНИХ ОБЧИСЛЕНЬ В КОРПОРАТИВНІЙ ІТ-ІНФРАСТРУКТУРІ
No full textBased on up-to-date Web-based reviews about two advanced information technologies — Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) and Cloud Computing, the current article summarizes the problems in merging these technologies in the modern enterprise IT infrastructure. A short description for both technologies is provided. Cleary the role of each technology in the merging process is defined. and general rules for providing suitable matching are proposed.Based on up-to-date Web-based reviews about two advanced information technologies — Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) and Cloud Computing, the current article summarizes the problems in merging these technologies in the modern enterprise IT infrastructure. A short description for both technologies is provided. Cleary the role of each technology in the merging process is defined. And general rules for providing suitable matching are proposed
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