316 research outputs found
Correction: The European Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation (EBMT) Consensus Guidelines for the Detection and Treatment of Donor-specific Anti-HLA Antibodies (DSA) in Haploidentical Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation (Bone Marrow Transplantation, (2018), 53, 5, (521-534), 10.1038/s41409-017-0062-8)
No full textThe original version of this Article contained a typographical error in the spelling of the author Marcelo Fernandez-Vina, which was incorrectly given as Marcelo Fernadez-Vina. This has now been corrected in the PDF and HTML versions of the Article
Correction: The European Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation (EBMT) consensus guidelines for the detection and treatment of donor-specific anti-HLA antibodies (DSA) in haploidentical hematopoietic cell transplantation
Get PDFThe original version of this Article contained a typographical error in the spelling of the author Marcelo Fernandez-Vina, which was incorrectly given as Marcelo Fernadez-Vina. This has now been corrected in the PDF and HTML versions of the Article
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No full textEste trabalho teve como objetivo estudar a relação entre sensibilidade ao contraste e o julgamento de expressões faciais de emoções durante o desenvolvimento infanto- juvenil, analisando a existência de possíveis correlações entre idade, taxa de acertos nas respostas e nível de contraste testado; além de diferenciar quais expressões emocionais precisam de maior/menor contraste para serem identificadas corretamente. Foram testadas 50 crianças, com idade média de 10,3 anos (desvio padrão= 2,05 anos; mediana= 10,5 anos e variação entre 6 e 14 anos) da Escola Municipal General Liberato Bittencourt (São Paulo/SP). Tivemos um grupo de adultos para comparação de pleno desenvolvimento, que contou com 30 adultos com acuidade visual normal, com idade média de 22,7 anos (desvio padrão= 2,7; mediana= 22,0 anos, variação entre 18 e 30 anos). Foi necessário desenvolver um instrumento de testagem que abrangesse todos os aspectos que queríamos abordar. Para isso utilizamos o Programa de Psicofísica Psykinematix. Avaliamos 4 diferentes expressões faciais, sendo neutra, alegria, tristeza e raiva, tanto para face feminina quanto para masculina. A tarefa do participante foi a de julgar o sexo e a emoção de cada imagem apresentada. Testamos 5 níveis de contraste distribuídos logaritmicamente entre 2,5% e 15% (2,5; 3,4; 5,2; 8,5; 15). O limiar de contraste para julgamento de cada emoção em cada sexo foi obtido por meio de uma medida psicofísica de Estímulos Constantes. Cada um dos níveis de contraste foi apresentado 3 vezes para cada uma das 4 expressões faciais. A imagem de cada face/expressão apareceu na tela do computador por um tempo de 2 segundos. O sujeito realizou um total de 120 julgamentos (60 faces masculinas + 60 faces femininas). Uma função psicométrica determinou o limiar de contraste correspondente a 75% de julgamentos corretos. Como resultado, encontramos um aprimoramento da capacidade de reconhecimento de emoções em faces proporcional ao aumento da idade. Para face Masculina Neutra houveram diferenças estatisticamente significantes (F= 8,63; p< 0,001) entre os subgrupos: Adulto Masculino e Adulto Feminino; Adulto Masculino e Criança Masculino; Criança Feminino e Criança Masculino; Adulto Feminino e Criança Feminino. Para a face Masculina Alegre (F= 3,08; p= 0,032) houve diferença entre os subgrupos Adulto Masculino e Criança Masculino. Na face Masculina Triste (F= 6,50; p= 0,002), mantiveram a diferença entre Adulto Masculino e Criança Masculino; e entre os subgrupos Adulto Feminino e Criança Feminino. Nas faces Femininas tivemos na Neutra (F= 5,13; p= 0,003), a diferença entre os subgrupos Adulto Masculino e Criança Masculino. Na face Alegre (F= 5,57; p= 0,002) tivemos diferença entre os subgrupos Adulto Feminino e Criança Feminino. A face Feminina Triste (F= 4,04; p= 0,011) mostrou diferença entre Adulto Masculino e Criança Masculino; e entre os subgrupos Adulto Feminino e Criança Feminino. Foi identificado apenas uma diferença estatisticamente significante entre os subgrupos de mesma idade testados, onde os Homens Adultos necessitaram de um menor limiar de contraste para identificar a face do Homem com expressão Neutra, dentre todos os outros subgrupos, e sexo/expressões, não houve diferença estatisticamente significante. Como conclusão: o contraste de luminância afeta o julgamento de expressões faciais quando comparamos adultos e crianças, independente da emoção expressadaThis work aimed to study the relationship between sensitivity to contrast and the judgment of facial expressions of emotions during the development of children and adolescents, analyzing the existence of possible correlations between age, rate of correct answers and level of contrast tested; in addition to differentiating which emotional expressions need greater / lower contrast to be correctly identified. 50 children were tested, with a mean age of 10.3 years (standard deviation= 2.05 years, median= 10.5 years and variation between 6 and 14 years) of Escola Municipal General Liberato Bittencourt (São Paulo / SP). We had a group of adults for comparison of full development, who had 30 adults with normal visual acuity, mean age of 22.7 years (standard deviation= 2.7, median= 22.0 years, variation between 18 and 30 years). It was necessary to develop a testing instrument covering all the aspects we wanted to address. For this we use Psykinematix Psychophysics Program. We evaluated 4 different facial expressions, being neutral, joy, sadness and anger, both for the female and male faces. The participant\'s task was to judge the sex and emotion of each presented image. We tested 5 levels of contrast distributed logarithmically between 2.5% and 15% (2.5, 3.4, 5.2, 8.5, 15). The contrast threshold for the judgment of each emotion in each sex was obtained by means of a psychophysical measure of Constant Stimuli. Each of the contrast levels was presented 3 times for each of the 4 facial expressions. The image of each face / expression appeared on the computer screen for 2 seconds. The subject performed a total of 120 judgments (60 male faces + 60 female faces). A psychometric function determined the contrast threshold corresponding to 75% of correct judgments. As a result, we find an improvement in the ability to recognize emotions in faces proportional to the increase in age. There were statistically significant differences between the subgroups for Male Neutral Face (F= 8.63, p< 0.001): Male and Female; Adult Male and Child Male; Child Female and Child; Adult Female and Child Female. For the Joy Male (F= 3.08, p= 0.032) there was a difference between the Male and Female subgroups. In the sad male face (F= 6.50, p= 0.002), they maintained the difference between male and female; and among the subgroups Adult Female and Female Child. In the Female Faces we had in Neutral (F= 5.13, p= 0.003), the difference between the subgroups Adult Male and Male Child. In the Joy face (F= 5.57, p= 0.002) there was difference between the subgroup Adult Female and the subgroup Child Female. The sad female (F= 4.04, p= 0.011) showed difference between male and female; and among the subgroups Adult Female and Female Child. Only a statistically significant difference was identified among the subgroups of the same age tested, where Adult Men required a lower contrast threshold to identify the Neutrally Man face, among all the other subgroups, and sex / expressions, there was no difference statistically significant. As a conclusion: the luminance contrast affects the judgment of facial expressions when comparing adults and children, regardless of the emotion expresse
A no-hair theorem for black holes in <i>f</i> ( <i>R</i> ) gravity
No full textIn this work we present a no-hair theorem which discards the existence of four-dimensional asymptotically flat, static and spherically symmetric or stationary axisymmetric, non-trivial black holes in the frame of f (R) gravity under metric formalism. Here we show that our no-hair theorem also can discard asymptotic de Sitter stationary and axisymmetric non-trivial black holes. The novelty is that this no-hair theorem is built without resorting to known mapping between f (R) gravity and scalar-tensor theory. Thus, an advantage will be that our no-hair theorem applies as well to metric f (R) models that cannot be mapped to scalar-tensor theory. © 2017 IOP Publishing Ltd.Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y TecnologíaThe author acknowledges Nora Breton for useful discussions and suggestions to improve this manuscript, and also Luisa G Jaime and Marcelo Salgado for many valuable discussions. This work was supported in part by the CONACyT
Success critical factors in the acquisition process of a Brazilian company by a multinational company: case study
No full textOs processos de fusão e aquisição (F&A) são complexos e exigem investimento de tempo e dinheiro. Mesmo assim, a literatura registra que a maioria desses processos não proporciona os resultados esperados pela empresa adquirente, o que se pode traduzir em insucesso da operação de F&A. Apesar de vários estudos apresentarem as diferenças culturais entre adquirida e adquirente como o fator maior responsável por esse insucesso, principalmente, durante a fase de integração da aquisição, há poucos estudos sobre o processo de aquisição ainda em seu início, na chamada fase pré-aquisição. A partir de sua experiência em projetos de F&A, o autor acredita que as decisões tomadas na fase pré-aquisição desempenham papel-chave para o sucesso ou insucesso da operação de F&A. Este trabalho teve por objetivo principal identificar e analisar os fatores críticos de sucesso do processo de aquisição de empresa brasileira por uma multinacional. Esperou-se contribuir com um melhor entendimento destes fatores e, assim, possibilitar que o número de casos de insucesso diminua, doravante. Para tanto, foi utilizado o método de estudo de caso longitudinal, para estudo do processo de aquisição. A análise do caso real específico teve por objetivo fazer a análise de aplicabilidade da teoria estudada e aplicada, com ênfase na fase pré-aquisição, e como esta fase pode influenciar e definir todo o restante do processo de aquisição e refletir no desempenho da operação. Neste estudo de caso, foi utilizada a abordagem exploratória, por meio de pesquisa bibliográfica em livros e artigos científicos recentes sobre F&A para entender os detalhes do processo de aquisição e construção do referencial teórico, além da contribuição empírica do pesquisador. As técnicas de coleta de dados foram a pesquisa documental, realizada a partir de documentos internos do caso real de aquisição; e, entrevistas semiestruturadas com 8 participantes ativos de fases do processo de aquisição com a utilização de um guia orientador das perguntas previamente elaborado. Então, realizou-se a análise de conteúdo qualitativa dos resultados (ideias) obtidos nas entrevistas em relação aos oito temas do protocolo de pesquisa contrapondo com os fatores críticos de sucesso encontrados na literatura, a fim de analisar as correlações existentes entre as ideias encontradas nos resultados dos questionários e os fatores do estudo mencionado. A pesquisa concluiu que há 13 (treze) fatores críticos de sucesso na fase pré-aquisição que devem ser considerados num processo de aquisição, pois têm reflexos nas fases subsequentes que podem influenciar no sucesso ou insucesso da operação.Mergers and acquisition (M & A) processes are complex and require investment of time and money. Even so, the literature records that most of these processes do not provide the expected results to the acquiring company, which can be translated as failure of the M & A operation. Although several studies present the cultural differences between acquired company and acquiring company as the major factor responsible for this failure, mainly during the acquisition integration phase, there are some studies about the acquisition process still in its beginning, in the so-called pre-acquisition phase. From his experience in M & A projects, the author believes that the decisions taken in the pre-acquisition phase play a key role in the success or failure of the M & A operation. This research had as main objective to identify and analyze the critical success factors in the acquisition process of a Brazilian company by a multinational company. It was expected to contribute with a better understanding of these factors and, thus, to allow the number of cases of failure to decrease, henceforth. Thus, the longitudinal case study method was chosen to study the acquisition process. The real case analysis aimed analyzing the applicability of the theory studied and applied, with emphasis on the pre-acquisition phase, and how this phase can influence and define the rest of the acquisition process and reflect on the performance of the operation. In this case study, the exploratory approach was used, through bibliographical research in recent M & A scientific books and articles to understand the details of the acquisition process and construction of the theoretical reference, as well as the empirical contribution of the researcher. The data collection techniques were a documentary research, made from internal documents of the acquisition real case; and semi structured interviews with 8 active participants of acquisition process phases with the use of a guide with elaborated questions. Then, the qualitative content analysis of the results (ideas) obtained in the interviews was carried out in relation to the eight themes of the research protocol, contrasting with the critical success factors found in the literature, in order to analyze the correlations between the ideas found in the results of the questionnaires and the factors of the mentioned study. The research concluded that there are 13 (thirteen) critical success factors in the pre-acquisition phase that should be considered in an acquisition process, since they have consequences in subsequent phases that may influence the success or failure of the operatio
Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) data acquired over a subtropical forest area of the UFSM campus Frederico Westphalen, on November 1, 2019, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
No full textTitle:
Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) data acquired over a subtropical forest area of the UFSM campus Frederico Westphalen, on November 1, 2019, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
Keywords
Images, Drone, UAV, Forest, UFSM, Remote Sensing, GIS.
Data description:
The data were acquired from an aerial survey conducted with an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV, also Drone) covering a forest area of the Federal University of Santa Maria – UFSM in the municipality of Frederico Westphalen, in the Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (Figure 1). The climate of the region is subtropical (Cfa in the Köppen-Geiger classification) with an average annual temperature of 18 °C and annual precipitation of 1919 mm (Alvares et al., 2013). The rainfall is well distributed throughout the year.
Please, see the PDF file.
Figure 1. Location of the site of data acquisition. Based on Google Earth Pro scenes. The KML and KMZ are appended to the files.
UAV and camera settings for the acquisition (Specifications Table):
Parameters
Specification/value
Date (YYYYMMDD):
20191101
Time of day (BRT = -3)
13:00 h
UAV – Drone - Camera
Phantom 4
Fly high (meters above ground)
250 m
View angle
90° automatic mode.
Sky conditions
( x ) Clear sky
( ) Low cloud coverage (some clouds)
( ) Completely cloudy
Wind condition
( x ) no wind
( ) Low speed
( ) High-speed wind
Approximate data acquisition duration
30 minutes
Total of photographs acquired
Sensor 1/2.3” CMOS
Effective pixels:12.4 M
Lens FOV 94° 20 mm (35 mm format equivalent) f/2.8 focus at ∞
301 photos
Across track coverage
80%
Cross-track coverage
80%
Fly planning software
Drone Deploy
For more information contact: Fábio Marcelo Breunig, [email protected]
An example of the mosaic and DEM is showed below (Figure 2 e Figura 3), referring to a screen capture of Agisoft Metashape (Agisoft LLC, 11 Degtyarniy per., St. Petersburg, Russia, 191144) and, the workflow adopted.
Please, see the PDF file.
Figure 2. The capture of an orthomosaic in the processing workflow of X3 camera. The lowest quality was applied.
Please, see the PDF file.
Figure 3. The capture of a DEM in the processing workflow of X3 camera. The lowest quality was applied.
References to the main project/publications:
Breunig, Fabio Marcelo. Combination of UAV, PlanetScope, Landsat, and Sentinel-2 images to precision silviculture and agriculture in a subtropical region. Project. National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq). Grant 305084/2020-8
Breunig, Fabio Marcelo. CONESAT – Monitoring the CONESUL using remote sensing data. Project. Federal University of Santa Maria, Campus of Frederico Westphalen. Brazil. Available at: .
Breunig, Fabio Marcelo. Integration of multiscale remote sensing data in the precision agriculture and silviculture (in Portuguese: Integração de dados multiescala de sensoriamento remoto na agricultura e silvicultura de precisão). Project. National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq). Grant 113769/2018-0
Breunig, Fabio Marcelo. Combination of UAV, PlanetScope, Landsat and Sentinel-2 images to precision silviculture and agriculture in a subtropical region (in Portuguese: Combinação de imagens de VANT, PlanetScope, Landsat e Sentinal-2 para a silvicultura e agricultura de precisão em uma região subtropical). Project of the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq). Grant 305084/2020-8
Acknowledgments:
This work was supported by the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) (Grants 113769/2018-0, 312081/2013-8, 478085/2013-3 and, 305084/2020-8) and Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul (Grant 23830.388.22048.19092016).
Other considerations
PS. A pdf file is also attached with this description.
Declaration of Competing Interest
The author declares that he has no competing interests or personal relationships that have or could be perceived to have influenced the work reported in this report.
References associated:
Alvares, Clayton Alcarde, José Luiz Stape, Paulo Cesar Sentelhas, José Leonardo De Moraes Gonçalves, and Gerd Sparovek, ‘Köppen’s Climate Classification Map for Brazil’, Meteorologische Zeitschrift, 22 (2013), 711–28
Fabio Marcelo Breunig, Eduardo Rieder, & Renato Souza Santos. (2021, February 24). Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) data acquired over a subtropical forest area of the UFSM campus Frederico Westphalen, on October 22, 2020, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Zenodo. http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4559718
Fabio Marcelo Breunig, & Eduardo Rieder. (2021, February 23). Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) data acquired over a subtropical forest area of the UFSM campus Frederico Westphalen, on November 11, 2020, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Zenodo. http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4558044
Fabio Marcelo Breunig, & Eduardo Rieder. (2021, February 24). Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) data acquired over a subtropical forest area of the UFSM campus Frederico Westphalen, on November 5, 2020, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Zenodo. http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4558265
Fabio Marcelo Breunig, & Eduardo Rieder. (2021). Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) data acquired over a subtropical forest area of the UFSM campus Frederico Westphalen, on December 23, 2020, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Zenodo. http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4557790
Fabio Marcelo Breunig, & Eduardo Rieder. (2021). Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) data acquired over a subtropical forest area of the UFSM campus Frederico Westphalen, at February 18, 2021, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil [Data set]. Zenodo. http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4557192
Breunig, Fábio Marcelo (2020, October 20). Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) data acquired over an experimental area of the UFSM campus Frederico Westphalen, on October 20, 2020, in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Zenodo. http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4354331
Breunig, Fábio Marcelo (2017, July 11). Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) data acquired over a subtropical forest area of the UFSM campus Frederico Westphalen, on July 11, 2017, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Zenodo. http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4328340
Breunig, Fábio Marcelo (2017, July 7). Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) data acquired over a subtropical forest area of the UFSM campus Frederico Westphalen, on July 7, 2017, in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Zenodo. http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4327943
Breunig, Fábio Marcelo (2019): UAV images acquired over the UFSM campus in Frederico Westphalen, RS, Brazil. Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, PANGAEA, https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.897548
Breunig, Fábio Marcelo (2019): UAV derived orthomosaic over the “prainha” in the municipality of Iraí, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, PANGAEA, https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.897909
Breunig, Fábio Marcelo, Rafaelo Balbinot, Rafael Vendruscolo, and Renato Beppler Spohr, ‘Situação Ambiental Do Campus Da UFSM de Frederico Westphalen, RS’, in Anais XVI Simpósio Brasileiro de Sensoriamento Remoto - SBSR, ed. by Instituto Nacional De Pesquisas Espaciais - INPE (Foz do Iguaçu - PR, Brazil: INPE, 2013), pp. 7241–48
Bertani, Gabriel, Fabio Marcelo Breunig, and Renato Beppler Sphor, ‘Análise de crescimento da mancha urbana do município de Frederico Westphalen, RS-Brasil através de imagens Landsat 5 TM’, Revista Geografar, 7 (2012), 68–83
Rex, Franciel Eduardo, Pâmela Suélen Käfer, Fábio Marcelo Breunig, and Renato Beppler Spohr Renato Souza Santos, ‘CLASSIFICAÇÃO SUPERVISIONADA DE COPAS DE ÁRVORES EM IMAGEM DE ALTA RESOLUÇÃO ESPACIAL’, BIOFIX Scientific Journal, 3 (2018), 216–23
Eduardo Rieder, Renato Souza Santos, & Fabio Marcelo Breunig. (2021, February 26). Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) data acquired over a subtropical forest area of the UFSM campus Frederico Westphalen, on December 2, 2019, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Zenodo. http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4560622
Sestari, Geovane (2019): RPAS orthomosaic over a remnant of rainforest on UFSM/IFFar campus in the municipality of Frederico Westphalen, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. PANGAEA, https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.910114
ORCID
Eduardo Rieder: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3572-4941
Fábio Marcelo Breunig: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0405-960
Does strict employment protection discourage job creation? Evidence from Croatia
Get PDFEmployment protection legislation in Croatia is among the most strict in Europe. Firing is difficult and costly, and flexible forms of employment are limited. Is this apparent rigidity reflected-as one would expect based on standard economic theory-in low labor market dynamics? Is job creation low and hiring limited? Is the job security of insiders achieved at the cost of outsiders not being able to enter thelabor market? The author attempts to answer these questions by examining job flows. If the employment protection legislation is binding, then job and worker turnover should be low. He shows that this is indeed the case. Hiring is limited and the average job tenure is very long in Croatia. Job destruction is low, however job creation is still lower. The result is accumulation of unemployment, in large part due to new labor market entrants not being able to find a job. The high degree of job protection also seems to strengthen the bargaining position of insiders and results in relatively high wages. So, wages in Croatia are higher than among its competitors, even after adjusting for productivity. These high labor costs are likely to contribute to limited job creation in existing firms, but also are likely to discourage the entry of-and thus job creation in-new firms. The author presents evidence that firm growth has been indeed limited in Croatia, contributing to the low employment level. The author examines other potential causes of high unemployment in Croatia (the unemployment benefit system, labor taxation, the wage structure, and skill and spatial mismatches). He argues that they do not play a substantial part in accounting for poor labor market outcomes in Croatia. The author concludes that the stringent employment protection legislation is the key labor market institution behind low job creation and high unemployment. Based on this he recommends specific measures aimed at liberalizing the labor market to foster job creation and employment.Labor Management and Relations,Labor Policies,Labor Markets,Environmental Economics&Policies,Trade Finance and Investment,Labor Markets,Labor Management and Relations,Labor Standards,Banks&Banking Reform,Environmental Economics&Policies
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A Comparative Study of the Triadic Relation Between Time, Identity and Language in the Works of Julio Cortázar, Marcelo Cohen and Nāgārjuna
No full textWhile current scholarship acknowledges the influence of Buddhist ideas on Julio Cortázar’s fiction, critical analysis of this element of his work does not often engage in depth with Buddhist thought. Buddhism is frequently characterised as something mystical or mythical when read in relation to the works of Cortázar. This approach leads to an insufficient reading of the highly important notion of the ‘centro’ in Rayuela (1963), whose symbolism, evoking a dynamic equilibrium, may be more successfully explored with closer reference to Buddhist philosophy. The Argentine author Marcelo Cohen has also engaged with Buddhist ideas in his works; his Buda (1990), a biography of the historical Buddha, testifies to this interest. Again, however, this aspect has not received full attention in critical scholarship. Given the importance of the use of negation in Cohen’s literature, comparing Cohen with Buddhist philosophy can enrich our understanding of many aspects of his works, such as his treatment of relationality. I have chosen to compare both Argentine authors with the Indian Buddhist philosopher Nāgārjuna, who is considered the founder of the Madhyamaka school, which is particularly associated with the theory of ‘emptiness’ (‘śūnyatā’). Nāgārjuna’s philosophy is cited directly in Cortázar’s poem ‘Canción de Gautama’ and Cohen’s Buda and informs a number of these writers’ other texts. The main body of the thesis is divided into three sections. These examine the triadic relation between time, identity and language, with each section focusing more on one of these three aspects in turn. The three chapters and three authors will be drawn together to form a new reading of the role of negation
Caio Fernando Abreu por Caio F.
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Sectoral allocation by gender of Latin American workers over the liberalization period of the 1990s
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