7 research outputs found
Identifikasi Makanan Khas Kota Blitar
No full textABSTRAK Yulia Deva, Novita. 2017. Identifikasi Makanan Khas Kota Blitar. Skripsi, Jurusan Teknologi Industri, Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Negeri Malang. Pembimbing: (I) Dr. Ir. Soenar Soekopitojo, M.Si., (II) Dra. Wiwik Wahyuni, M. Pd., Kata kunci: Identifikasi, Makanan Khas Kota BlitarMakanan khas di Blitar mulai banyak mengalami pengembangan variasi, yaitu dari bahan bakunya, bahan pelengkap lain untuk menunjang rasa, tekstur, aroma, dan bentuk. Kencangnya arus globalisasi dan konsep modernisasi turut memberikan pengaruh terhadap perkembangan makanan khas di kota Blitar. Pengembangan makanan khas tersebut diharapkan akan mampu membantu proses pelestarian budaya, ekonomi dan makanan khas yang ada, sehingga dengan berkembangnya makanan khas, Blitar akan meningkatkan produk pangan khas daerah yang menjadi ciri khas dan merupakan langkah awal dalam melestarikan kebudayaan Indonesia di daerah Blitar. Oleh karena itu, fokus penelitian ini adalah: (1) mengidentifikasi berbagai makanan khas yang ada di kota Blitar, (2) mengklasifikasi makanan khas kota Blitar berdasarkan kategori makanan pokok, lauk pauk, sayur mayur, sepinggan, jajanan dan minuman, (3) mengidentifikasi komposisi bahan utama, bahan tambahan dan proses pembuatan makanan khas yang ada di kota Blitar.Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan jenis penelitian deskriptif. Lokasi penelitian yaitu di kecamatan Kepanjen Kidul, kecamatan Sanan Wetan, dan kecamatan Sukorejo. Narasumber dalam penelitian ini adalah pedagang dan produsen makanan khas yang ada di kota Blitar. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan adalah deskriptif kualitatif dengan menggunakan triangulasi metode dan triangulasi sumber data.Berdasarkan hasil observasi dan wawancara diperoleh simpulan: (1) keanekaragaman makanan khas Kota Blitar meliputi makanan pokok (punten dan nasi ampok), lauk pauk hewani (peyek uceng dan ikan kuthuk), lauk pauk nabati berupa tahu bumbu, sayuran (sayur lodeh tewel), sepinggan (rujak cingur dan soto ireng), jajanan (wajik klethik, geti dan opak gambir), dan minuman berupa es pleret. Bahan tambahan yang digunakan adalah bahan cair; serta bahan pemberi rasa, aroma dan warna (2) metode pengolahan makanan yang digunakan untuk mengolah makanan khas di Kota Blitar adalah merebus, memasak dengan api, menggoreng, membakar,menumis dan mencetak dengan alat cetak modern dan tradisional. (3) bahan kemasan yang digunakan untuk makanan khas di Kota Blitar terdiri dari kemasan primer; kemasan sekunder; dan kemasan tersier kuartener (3) jenis makanan khas di Kota Blitar mempunyai potensi kuliner karena banyak ditemukan berbagai sentra kuliner, selain itu fungsi lain adalah sebagai fungsi adat/ ritual agama dan fungsi domestik. Untuk lebih melestarikan makanan khas di Kota Blitar perlu mengenalkan makanan khas pada wisatawan yang berkunjung ke Kota Blitar, serta mengembangkan inovasi dan kreativitas mengenai makanan khas yang ada di Kota Blitar
ECO URBAN DESIGN Potensi dan Tantangan Perencanaan Kota-kota Indonesia Di Masa Mendatang
No full textUntuk memenuhi kebutuhan perumahan pemerintah terus mendorong pemilikan rumah khususnya bagi masyarakat menengah ke bawah. Secara teoritis pemilikan rumah diyakini memberikan banyak manfaat baik secara sosial, ekonomi maupun lingkungan. Pemilikan rumah membantu menstabilkan lingkungan ketetanggaan (neighborhood) dan memperkuat komunitas. Strategi ini juga menciptakan insentif bagi lingkungan dan individu yang penting untuk memelihara dan memperbaiki properti pribadi dan ruang publik. Namun pemilikan rumah ternyata tidak otomatis menghadirkan manfaat- manfaat program tersebut. Orientasi pengembangan rumah menengah ke bawah pada pencapaian target secara kuantitas daripada kualitas tampaknya ikut mempengaruhi kontribusi lingkungan perumahannya terhadap kualitas lingkungan perkotaan.
Dalam beberapa penelitian tingkat kepuasan terhadap kondisi lingkungan perumahan telah dijadikan indikator kualitas lingkungan. Rendahnya tingkat kepuasan tersebut jelas akan mempengaruhi pemanfaatan rumah-rumah milik keluarga menengah ke bawah. Banyaknya rumah yang dibiarkan kosong oleh pemiliknya tidak terlepas dari kualitas lingkungan perumahan yang dikembangkan. Fenomena permumahan kosong ini menjadi persoalan besar karena tujuan pemilikan rumah untuk menciptakan lingkungan hidup perkotaan yang sehat baik secara ekologis, ekonomi maupun sosial kurang tercapai. Salah satu faktor yang paling berpengaruh terhadap terciptanya lingkungan yang berkualitas adalah tersedianya prasarana dan utilitas lingkungan yang memadai untuk mendukung kegiatan produktif keluarga.
Paper ini bermaksud mengungkapkan karakteristik kualitas lingkungan perumahan sederhana bagi masyarakat menengah ke bawah. Dari analisis tingkat mikro terhadap data kuesioner yang dikumpulkan pada beberapa sampel perumahan menengah ke bawah di kota Bekasi diharapkan akan dapat diungkapkan tingkat kepuasannya terhadap kondisi lingkungan perumahannya. Melalui identifikasi permasalahan tersebut diharapkan dapat diturunkan strategi-strategi yang sesuai untuk meningkatkan kualitas lingkungan di perkotaan melalui pelibatan masyarakat khususnya pada perumahan menengah ke bawah
WP 90 - An overview of women's work and employment in India
No full textThis report provides information on India on behalf of the implementation of the DECISIONS FOR LIFE project in that country. The DECISIONS FOR LIFE project aims to raise awareness amongst young female workers about their employment opportunities and career possibilities, family building and the workfamily alance. This report is part of the Inventories, to be made by the University of Amsterdam, for all 14 countries involved. It focuses on a gender analysis of work and employment. History (2.1.1). After Independence, Prime Minister (PM) Nehru and the Congress Party pursued socialist-oriented economic policies. After Nehru’s death (1964), policies changed from urban industrial to agricultural development, continuing under PM Indira Ghandi. From 1984 on, PM Rajiv Ghandi encouraged science and technology and started to depart from socialist policies. After his death in 1991, a liberalisation process was put in motion, which has been supported by various government coalitions. From 2003 on, the Indian economy has shown high macro-economic growth fi gures. Governance (2.1.2). In spite of a democratic system of government, a progressive Constitution and many laws to protect women’s rights, serious problems with compliance remain, especially in maintaining human and women’s rights. The position of women in politics is weak, though at top level there were and are remarkable exceptions. With the 2009 elections, women representation in the lower house of parliament increased to 11%. In recent years many women have been confronted with domestic violence and sexual harassment. Prospects (2.1.3). The global economic crisis has had a rather modest impact on India’s economy, and the prospects for the country’s rebound seem bright. Yet, in 2008-09 the decline in manufacturing exports has caused serious problems for in particular women. Communication (2.2). Telephone use is rapidly switching from fi xed line to cellular phone networks. In 2009, already 365 of each 1,000 in the population used a cell phone. Internet coverage is growing but still low, with one in 12 surfi ng on the Internet. Television is a popular medium: over half of all households have a TV set. Cable TV proves to have emancipatory force, especially for rural women. The sectoral labour market structure – Population and employment (2.3.1). Being slightly below 36%, women’s Labour Participation Rate (LPR) in 2008 was extremely low, whereas with 85% the male rate was high. LPRs hardly changed in the 2000s. The sectoral labour market structure – Formal and informal employment (2.3.2) Less than 15% of all employed is currently working in the formal (in India: organised) sector, and less than 8% are formal (organised) workers. Just over half of the total labour force is self-employed. In 2008-09 about 50% of all employed worked in agriculture, 20% in manufacturing, and 30% in services. The sectoral labour market structure – Unemployment (2.3.3). In recent years unemployment for women has gone up. Unemployment is highest among youngsters, with for girls and young women in 2006 offi cial unemployment rates between 17 and 22%. Legislation (2.4.1). India has ratifi ed only four of eight core ILO Labour Conventions. In practice workers’ rights are only legally protected for the small minority working in the organised sector. Even formally the freedom of association is limited. Strikes are prohibited in the public sector. Child labour is widespread, and the number of child labourers estimated at 55-60 million. Labour relations and wage-setting (2.4.2). The trade union landscape in India is complex and diversifi ed. The union movement opposed liberalisation taking place after 1991, in which period centralized collective bargaining declined. We found that union membership in the 2000s remained at about 6.5% of the labour force. On average the female share in membership and decision-making remains low. In contrast, strongholds of female organizing have emerged as responses to problems in informal labour. The statutory minimum wage (2.5.1). There is a complex system of statutory minimum wages (MW) in place, with 1,232 occupational and sectoral minimum wage rates. In practice, only average wages in the manufacturing part of the organised sector are above the MW level. In 2004-05 80% of casual workers and 31% of regular salaried/wage workers did not receive the MW, with the proportions of females even larger. Innovative is the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA), a combination of a minimum wage provision and a public employment scheme. Poverty (2.5.2). For 2005, it has been estimated that 76% of the population lived under the poverty line of USD 2 a day, and that 42% had to make ends meet with an income below USD 1.25 a day. The poverty gap remains relatively large. In and through the nationwide liberalisation process, the seven states with the lowest incomes are lagging behind. In 2006, India ranked 132nd on the human development index (HDI), six places below its GDP per capita rank. Population and fertility (2.6.1). For over two decades the population growth rate is falling, but further decrease seems to stagnate. For 2005-2010 the growth projection is 1.5% per year. Due to the preference for sons the country’s sex ratio is 1.12 male/female. The total fertility rate (2.8-2.9 children per woman) and the adolescent fertility rate (90 per 1,000) are rather high. In 2006 the median age for women at first marriage was 17.8 years, and by then 42% of all Indian women aged 20-24 gave birth before age 20. Health (2.6.2). In 2007, about 2.3 million Indians lived with HIV. Though HIV/AIDS is in India more a man’s disease, there is a shift going on toward women and young people. The country’s health disparities are large, also because of relatively low public expenditure on health. Women’s labour market share (2.6.3). With 19% the female share in the organised sector is low. In both manufacturing and in commercial services about one in six employees was female. The public sector is by far the largest employer in the formal sector, employing 70% of all women engaged in that sector. Agriculture (2.6.4). It is estimated that about 60% of all agricultural operations are handled exclusively by women. Female hourly wage rates in agriculture vary from 50 to 75% of male rates, and are too low to overcome absolute poverty. Working conditions are often appalling. Young women living in cities and trying to make a career rarely can rely on a “fall-back scenario” in which they can go back to their families living from agriculture. Mining and manufacturing (2.6.5). Since the early 1990s, informalisation and casualisation of employment and decreasing wage rates show up as main trends. Thus, manufacturing has become a less promising source of employment for women. Services (2.6.6). In the last two decades the service sector share in total employment doubled, and in 2004-2008 employment and export growth have even speeded up. The motor of growth is the IT/BPO industry. Yet, at the same time informalisation has grown: currently over seven in ten service employees are in informal labour. Women may comprise less than one third of the IT/BPO workforce but their share may soon increase. Government (2.6.7). In spite of a recent decline in public sector employment, the share of females are gradually increasing at central, regional and local state levels. Relatively high wages and maternity and sickness benefi ts may make the public service attractive for young women. Literacy (2.7.1). The adult literacy rate –those age 15 and over that can read and write—was in 2007 66%, with a considerable gender gap: the female literacy was 54.5% and the male 77.1%. For 2007 the literacy rate for 15-24-year-olds was set at 82.1%, with a smaller gender difference: 77.1% for young females and 86.7% for young males. Education of girls (2.7.2). Girls are lagging behind in enrollment rates for all educational types. For 2006, combined gross enrollment in education was 61%, with 57.4% for girls. For 2007, international sources set net enrollment in primary education at 90%: 88% for girls and 91% for boys, but the drop-out rates were quite high. In the same year, gross enrollment in secondary education was 57%: 52% for females and 61% for males. And in tertiary education, 13% of the 17-25 of age were enrolled: 11% of females and 16% of males. Female skill levels (2.7.3). The gender gap in educational level of the labour force is immense. Whereas in 2004-05 60% of the female employed was illiterate and 3.7% was graduated, these shares for the males labour force were less than 28% and nearly 8% respectively. Nevertheless, the female shares of graduated were higher than the male shares in banking and finance; real estate and business services, and transport. Among the 15-29 of age, the gender gap was considerably smaller. We estimate the current size of the target group of DECISIONS FOR LIFE for India at about 1.8 million girls and young women 15-29 of age working in urban areas in commercial services. Wages (2.8.1). We found for 2004-05 the very large gender pay gap of 57% in the formal (organised) sector. Comparisons with the unorganised sector showed that wages rates here were 20-30% of those in the organised sector, though wage rates varied widely across states and activities. Among casual workers, gender pay gaps showed up of 35-37%. Working conditions (2.8.2). In 2000 female employees in the organised sector made longer hours than their male colleagues: an average working week of 48.1 hours against 46.3. Between 2000 and 2006, the average working week of females has been shortened by 1.3 hours, whereas the male working week has been prolonged by 0.5 hours.
Surgical site infection after gastrointestinal surgery in high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries: a prospective, international, multicentre cohort study
No full textBackground: Surgical site infection (SSI) is one of the most common infections associated with health care, but its importance as a global health priority is not fully understood. We quantified the burden of SSI after gastrointestinal surgery in countries in all parts of the world. Methods: This international, prospective, multicentre cohort study included consecutive patients undergoing elective or emergency gastrointestinal resection within 2-week time periods at any health-care facility in any country. Countries with participating centres were stratified into high-income, middle-income, and low-income groups according to the UN's Human Development Index (HDI). Data variables from the GlobalSurg 1 study and other studies that have been found to affect the likelihood of SSI were entered into risk adjustment models. The primary outcome measure was the 30-day SSI incidence (defined by US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria for superficial and deep incisional SSI). Relationships with explanatory variables were examined using Bayesian multilevel logistic regression models. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02662231. Findings: Between Jan 4, 2016, and July 31, 2016, 13 265 records were submitted for analysis. 12 539 patients from 343 hospitals in 66 countries were included. 7339 (58·5%) patient were from high-HDI countries (193 hospitals in 30 countries), 3918 (31·2%) patients were from middle-HDI countries (82 hospitals in 18 countries), and 1282 (10·2%) patients were from low-HDI countries (68 hospitals in 18 countries). In total, 1538 (12·3%) patients had SSI within 30 days of surgery. The incidence of SSI varied between countries with high (691 [9·4%] of 7339 patients), middle (549 [14·0%] of 3918 patients), and low (298 [23·2%] of 1282) HDI (p<0·001). The highest SSI incidence in each HDI group was after dirty surgery (102 [17·8%] of 574 patients in high-HDI countries; 74 [31·4%] of 236 patients in middle-HDI countries; 72 [39·8%] of 181 patients in low-HDI countries). Following risk factor adjustment, patients in low-HDI countries were at greatest risk of SSI (adjusted odds ratio 1·60, 95% credible interval 1·05–2·37; p=0·030). 132 (21·6%) of 610 patients with an SSI and a microbiology culture result had an infection that was resistant to the prophylactic antibiotic used. Resistant infections were detected in 49 (16·6%) of 295 patients in high-HDI countries, in 37 (19·8%) of 187 patients in middle-HDI countries, and in 46 (35·9%) of 128 patients in low-HDI countries (p<0·001). Interpretation: Countries with a low HDI carry a disproportionately greater burden of SSI than countries with a middle or high HDI and might have higher rates of antibiotic resistance. In view of WHO recommendations on SSI prevention that highlight the absence of high-quality interventional research, urgent, pragmatic, randomised trials based in LMICs are needed to assess measures aiming to reduce this preventable complication. Funding: DFID-MRC-Wellcome Trust Joint Global Health Trial Development Grant, National Institute of Health Research Global Health Research Unit Grant
Surgical site infection after gastrointestinal surgery in high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries: a prospective, international, multicentre cohort study
No full textFunded by DFID-MRC-Wellcome Trust Joint Global Health Trial Development Grant (MR/N022114/1) and a National Institute of Health Research (NIHR) Global Health Research Unit Grant (NIHR 17-0799)
Management and Outcomes Following Surgery for Gastrointestinal Typhoid: An International, Prospective, Multicentre Cohort Study
No full textBackground: Gastrointestinal perforation is the most serious complication of typhoid fever, with a high disease burden in low-income countries. Reliable, prospective, contemporary surgical outcome data are scarce in these settings. This study aimed to investigate surgical outcomes following surgery for intestinal typhoid. Methods: Two multicentre, international prospective cohort studies of consecutive patients undergoing surgery for gastrointestinal typhoid perforation were conducted. Outcomes were measured at 30 days and included mortality, surgical site infection, organ space infection and reintervention rate. Multilevel logistic regression models were used to adjust for clinically plausible explanatory variables. Effect estimates are expressed as odds ratios (ORs) alongside their corresponding 95% confidence intervals. Results: A total of 88 patients across the GlobalSurg 1 and GlobalSurg 2 studies were included, from 11 countries. Children comprised 38.6% (34/88) of included patients. Most patients (87/88) had intestinal perforation. The 30-day mortality rate was 9.1% (8/88), which was higher in children (14.7 vs. 5.6%). Surgical site infection was common, at 67.0% (59/88). Organ site infection was common, with 10.2% of patients affected. An ASA grade of III and above was a strong predictor of 30-day post-operative mortality, at the univariable level and following adjustment for explanatory variables (OR 15.82, 95% CI 1.53–163.57, p = 0.021). Conclusions: With high mortality and complication rates, outcomes from surgery for intestinal typhoid remain poor. Future studies in this area should focus on sustainable interventions which can reduce perioperative morbidity. At a policy level, improving these outcomes will require both surgical and public health system advances
Abstracts of National Conference on Research and Developments in Material Processing, Modelling and Characterization 2020
No full textThis book presents the abstracts of the papers presented to the Online National Conference on Research and Developments in Material Processing, Modelling and Characterization 2020 (RDMPMC-2020) held on 26th and 27th August 2020 organized by the Department of Metallurgical and Materials Science in Association with the Department of Production and Industrial Engineering, National Institute of Technology Jamshedpur, Jharkhand, India.
Conference Title: National Conference on Research and Developments in Material Processing, Modelling and Characterization 2020Conference Acronym: RDMPMC-2020Conference Date: 26–27 August 2020Conference Location: Online (Virtual Mode)Conference Organizer: Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, National Institute of Technology JamshedpurCo-organizer: Department of Production and Industrial Engineering, National Institute of Technology Jamshedpur, Jharkhand, IndiaConference Sponsor: TEQIP-
