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The taxonomy of plant viruses in Taiwan - 2013
No full text蒐集台灣歷年來自然感染植物的病毒(virus)及類病毒(viroid)之相關資料，至2013年五月共收錄有140種(species)，依國際病毒分類委員會(International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses，ICTV)分類標準，台灣的植物病毒有部份屬於未定分類地位外，其餘分屬於33屬16科3目。其結果在文中按分類階層並依學名字母順序列出，期能充分地呈現本地的植物病毒資訊，以供植物檢疫防疫及病毒學研究的參考。
Totally, 140 recorded species of virus or viroid naturally infecting plants in Taiwan were listed in this paper. Based on the taxonomic rules developed by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV), all these species, besides the unassigned taxa, were classified to 3 orders, 16 families, and 33 genera. All the enlisted classification taxa are arranged in a hierarchy from order to species and are sorted by alphabetical orders of their scientific names. Hopefully, this paper will provide for general information referred to quarantine and virology
Comparative Studies on Pathogenlcity, Serology, and Occurrence of Maize Dwarf Mosaic Virus B Strain and Sugarcane Meaalc Virus Strains in Taiwan
No full text根據病毒的血清學特性及對六個玉米栽培品種的病原性，玉米矮化嵌紋病毒B型系統(MDMV-B)可與各個甘蔗嵌紋病毒(SCMV)系統區別。一般MDMV-B比各個SCMV系統對供試的玉米栽培品種都有較強的病原性，MDMV-B可在任何季節感染臺農351，且使各品種玉米發病快而感染率高，其他SCMV系統僅能在高溫期感染臺農351，若在低溫期則於二十四天接種後仍未出現病徵，但MDMV-B接種後七天即開始發病。瓊脂擴散反應中，MDMV-B抗血清對各個SCMV系統均有異源(heterologous)反應，其沈澱帶與同源的(homofogous) MDMV-B所形成的呈刺狀(spur)；另純化S-1 isofate病毒製成抗血清，以MDMV-B感染之玉米粗汁液交互吸收，此抗血清不再與MDMV-B反應，但是與各個SCMV系統均有同等之反應。以雙層抗體法免疫酵素分析(DAS-EUSA)，當各個SCMV系統和MDMV-B抗體反應時，所有SCMV系統的ELISA值均明顯低於同源的MDMV-B，因此得以把MDMV-B從SCMV系統中區分出來；當上述抗原和S-1 isolate的抗血清反應時，所有SCMV系統的讀值則明顯高於MDMV-B；若再把S-1 isolate的抗血清以MDMV-B交互吸收，則該血清完全不與MDMV-B反應，但是與各個SCMV系統均有同等之反應。利用此一系列反應，至田間大量調查，可檢出屬於SCMV的系統，且把MDMV-B從其中鑑別出來。於1983冬季至1986春季，在臺灣各玉米產區篩檢毒素病標本，結果從1叩處來源收集的689個檢體中，鑑定有512個是MDMV-B，33個是SCMV系統，30個是兩者混合，114個是兩者皆負反應者。顯示MDMV-B是目前臺灣玉米嵌紋病最主要之病原。
Maize dwarf mosaic virus B strain (MDMV-B) was distinguished from strains of sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV) based on their serological properties of virus particles and pathogenicity to six different corn cultivars. In general, MDMV B was more virulent to alt the corn cultivars tested than strains of SCMV. It consisently infected cuitlvar “Tainong 351”, while strains of SCMV could only infect this cultivar during summer season. In winter, no symptom was found on this cultivar even 24 days after inoculation with SCMV strains, while symptoms of MDMV-B were observed 7 days after inocti1atn. Antiserum to MDMV-B reacted to strains of SCMV Indistinguishably bet the homologous precipitation line consistently spurred over the heterologous precipitation lines in SDS-immunodiffusicm tests. In a reciprocal test, antiserum to S-1. isolate of SCMV gave intinguishable reactions to all strains of SCMV but their precipitation lines also spurred over that of MDMV-B. When antiserum to SCMV S-1 was cross-absorbed with a crude sap of MDMV-l3 infected corn, it no longer reacted with MDMV-B but still reacted conspicuously with strains of SCMV. Using DAS-ELISA, strains of SCMV could also be distinguithed from MDMV-B by the apparent lower ELISA values than homologous reactions when antiserum to MDMV-B was used. Reciprocally, antiserum to S-1 isolate of SCMV consistently gave higher readings to strains SCMV than those to MDMV-B When this antiseum was cross-absorbed with MDMV-B, it reacted only with strains of SCMV but not with MDMV-B. Thus, the method was used to differentiate MDMV-B from SCMV strains in a large-scale tick survey from 1983 to 1986. In a total of 689 samples collected from 100 corn fields, 512 samples were singly infected with MDMV-B, 33 samples were singly infected with SCMV, and 30 samples were mixed infected with MDMV-B and SCMV, whereas
114 samples were negative to both antisera. These results indicated that MDMV-B was the major causal virus of corn mosaic diseases in Taiwan
Culture and application of healthy indigenous seed-bulb for production of garlic greens in Taiwan
No full text利用健康種蒜生產優質青蒜加上產期調節應用是目前業者較能獲利的經營之道。健康種蒜應採自發育良好，鱗莖充分成熟的植株，蒜球無任何生理或傳染性病變、蟲蝕或機械傷害等現象。但其中病毒病無法由蒜球上以肉眼判別是否感染，因此病毒檢定成為健康種蒜繁殖體系的關鍵。台灣發生的大蒜病毒計有洋蔥黃萎病毒(OYDV)、大蒜嵌紋病毒(GMV)、菸草嵌紋病毒(TMV)、大蒜潛隱病毒(GLV)、分蔥潛隱病毒(SLV)、大蒜普通潛隱病毒(GCLV)、韭蔥黃條斑紋病毒(LYSV)、分蔥黃條斑紋病毒(SYSV)、蟎媒長絲狀病毒(MbFV)及未經命名的長絲狀病毒等。利用農試所現有蔥屬作物病毒檢定試劑可以測得GLV、SLV、OYDV、LYSV、及GCLV，進而用以篩檢健康材料。為加速育成本土優質青蒜的健康種球，收集宜蘭白蒜珠芽6335粒，以間接法免疫酵素分析(ELISA)全面篩檢後保存無上述病原之材料，得1702粒健康氣生鱗莖，取其小蒜瓣繁殖成蒜球，在栽培期中淘汰呈現病徵之蒜株，剩餘無病徵株則維持生長至結球完全成熟，採收後採樣其中1200顆進一步測試，結果證實99.58％皆無病毒反應。所收取的蒜球經恆溫貯藏試驗，可維持更長時間之種蒜活力，此有利於延後播種以調節產期。以2001年四月底採收的宜蘭白蒜健康種蒜第一代球為材料，經30℃恆溫貯藏至翌年一月才播種進行田間試驗，藉以評估利用本土健康種蒜春作青蒜的效益，結果在蒜白長度方面宜蘭白蒜極顯著高於進口蒜種育成的蒼山蒜，在蒜白直徑則蒼山蒜顯著粗於宜蘭白蒜，發病等級調查因蒼山蒜植株葉片黃化嵌紋較多，其病害指數(Diseaseseverity)高於宜蘭白蒜。再經ELISA調查兩種青蒜在生育末期所發生的各種病毒發生率(Incidence)，結果宜蘭白蒜較蒼山蒜低。
Garlic greens only with high quality and produced at optimal time are profitable in Taiwan. The garlic greens with subtle texture and elongated white stalks are most cost-effective in the market. The health of garlic seed-bulb is requisite for producing advantageous greens. The conditions for healthy seed-bulbs are: completely developed plants, fully matured bulbs, no physiological or transmissible diseases, and no damages caused by insect or machinery. Besides, the bulbs are indexed free from invisible virus infection. In Taiwan, garlic is susceptible to many viruses like Onion yellow dwarf virus (OYDV), Garlic mosaic virus (GMV), Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), Garlic latent virus (GLV), Leek yellow stripe virus (LYSV), Garlic common latent virus (GCLV), Shallot yellow stripe virus (SYSV), and Mite-borne filamentous virus (MbFV). To facilitate the indexing of viruses, a complex garlic virus diagnostic reagent was developed to detect GLV, SLV, LYSV, OYDV and GCLV simultaneously by indirect ELISA. Accordingly, bulbs of promising garlic clones, which suitable for garlic greens cultivation in local environments, can be collected and indexed for special pathogen free (SPF). The garlic seed-bulb propagation through aerial bulbils cultivation will accelerate the multiplication rate and efficiency of virus eradication. A total of 6335 bulbils of the indigenous clone were selected, out of which 1702 bulbils were screened for SPF. Cloves from the SPF bulbils were planted for bulb production and the diseased plants were eradicated during growing season. Harvested bulbs were tested again and out of 1200 bulbs tested 99.58% proved to be SPF. For the off-season production of garlic greens, seed-bulbs constantly stored at 30 were preserved their vigor longer than those at room temperature. To evaluate the effect of healthy indigenous 'Yilan' garlic seed-bulb for production of garlic greens in the spring, the bulbs harvested in April 2001 were stored at 30 till January 2002 for conducting the field experiment. Comparing with garlic clone 'Tsangshan' imported from China, the plants derived from healthy 'Yilan' seed-bulbs yielded longer but thinner white stalk. The disease severity of 'Tsangshan' was significantly higher than 'Yilan' according to the degree of plants showing mosaic and yellowing symptoms. As a result of ELISA obtained at the late growth stage of garlic plants, the incidences of viruses occurred on the clone of 'Yilan' were lower than those on 'Tsangshan'
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
The Current Status of Geminiviruses Occurred on Passion Fruit in Taiwan
No full text在台灣感染百香果的病毒計有胡瓜嵌紋病毒 (Cucumber mosaic virus, CMV)、東亞百香果病毒(East Asian passiflora virus, EAPV)、百香果斑駁病毒(Passion fruit mottle virus, PaMV)、百香果漣葉病毒(Passion fruit crinkle virus, PCV) 4 種。2011 年3 月在埔里地區採集到黃綠不均且葉片變形百香果樣本，利用ELISA 檢測未受到上述4 種病毒感染，利用滾輪法(rolling circle amplification, RCA) 卻測到疑似雙生病毒感染。RCA 產物以BamHI 處理，得到約3.0 Kb 之產物，選殖至載體，選殖株以EcoRI 酵素處理確認時出現2 類不同切位DNA 片段。定序分析後分別有2745 與2732 個核苷酸，與GenBank 登錄之序列比對結果，2745 個核苷酸者(Accession No. KC161185) 與一品紅捲葉病毒(Euphorbia leaf curl virus, EuLCV) DNA-A 有98.5%的相同度，2732 個核苷酸者(Accession No. KC161184) 與番木瓜捲葉廣東病毒(Papaya leaf curl virus, PaLCuGDV) DNA-A 有91.7%的相同度。根據2 病毒序列分析結果設計PCR 引子對，利用電泳分析調查2 種病毒發生情形。此2 病毒應已普遍發生於百香果台農1 號多時，於宜蘭、花蓮、苗栗及南投地區等百香果栽培區均有發現，因為台農1 號百香果需經由嫁接苗繁殖，因此該2 種病毒隨著嫁接苗普遍發生。病毒感染後造成百香果葉片斑駁、葉面不平整，各百香果園觀察到的病徵嚴重程度不一，但進入春夏季之後氣溫回升，葉片變形情況趨於輕微至觀察不到病徵，百香果生長回復正常，而造成忽略。
The main variety of passion fruit (Passiflora edulis x Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa) cultivated in Taiwan is ‘Tainung No. 1 ’which is a hybrid and propagated only by grafting. In the spring of 2011, plants with severe systemic mosaic and malformation on leaves were found in some orchards located in Puli, Nantou in the middle of Taiwan. However, after growing up to three months, most of these diseased plants became symptomless when the weather became warmer. In March of 2011, 2 leaf samples exhibiting mosaic and 3 samples showing malformation were collectec and tested by DAS-ELISA; none were positively reacted with antibodies against Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), East Asian passiflora virus (EAPV), Passion fruit mottle virus (PaMV) or Passion fruit crinkle virus (PCV) that have been occurred in Taiwan. The rolling circle amplification (RCA) with hexamer primers was adopted to analyze the potential begomoviruses which were prevalent on the other crops in Taiwan. The RCA amplified products were digested with BamHI and separated on 1.2% agarose by gel electrophoresis. A fragment, about 3 kb, was purified from each gel and cloned into the respective site of pBluescript SK(-) individually. Clones were screened by EcoRI digestion and two types of restriction fragement length patterns were found among them. One type clone containing 2745nucleotides (Accession No. KC161185) with 98.5% identity to Euphorbia leaf curl virus (EuLCV) and the other type clone containing 2732 nucleotide (Accession No. KC161184) with 91.7 identity to Papaya leaf curl Guangdong virus (PaLCuGDV) were revealed by nucleotide comparisons of their DNA-A in the GenBank. Accordingly, we confirmed the existence of passiflora isolates of EuLCV and PaLCuGDV. In a brief survey, allpassion fruit leaf samples were detected EuLCV and/or PaLCuGDV infectionTo our knowledge, this is the first report of begomoviruses associated passion fruit in Taiwan and in the Asia
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