1,720,985 research outputs found
Biretü'l-Fırat (Birecik) district foundations according to Hurufat Books
No full textTarih boyunca insanların temel ihtiyaçlarının başında su geldiğinden insanoğlu yerleşim
yeri belirlerken her zaman sulak alanların bulunduğu yerleri tercih etmiştir. Birecik de bu tanıma
uygun yapı ve coğrafyaya sahip olduğundan tarih boyunca birçok medeniyete ev sahipliği
yapmıştır. Şehir, Osmanlı Devleti’nin idaresine katılıncaya kadar, Hitit, Asur, Hurri, Mittani,
Roma, Emevi, Bizans, Selçuklu, Urfa Haçlı Kontluğu, Zengi, Artuklu, Timurlu, Akkoyunlu ve
Memluklü hâkimiyetinde kalmıştır. Osmanlı Devleti bölgeye hâkim olduktan sonra şehirde
tersane inşa etmesi, Birecik’i mühim bir merkez haline getirmiştir. Uzun süre bu önemini
koruduktan sonra İstanbul-Bağdat demir yolunun Birecik’in güneyinden geçmesi, kervan
ticaretinin önemini kaybetmesi ve Birinci Dünya Savaşı sırasında ve sonrasında meydana gelen
sebepler yüzünden şehir önemini kaybetmiştir.
Osmanlı Devleti vakıflar aracılığıyla hâkim olduğu yerlerde cami, mescit, medrese, han,
hamam, zaviye gibi yapı ve kurumlarla donatmıştır. Bu yapılara dair birtakım bilgilere hurufat
defterlerinde ulaşılmaktadır. Vakıflar Genel Müdürlüğünde tutulan bu defterlerden 25 tanesi
Birecik ile alakalıdır. Osmanlı Devleti döneminde şehir, Biretü'l-Fırat olarak anıldığından
kayıtları da bu isimle yazılmıştır. Bu kayıtlar, 1691-1835 yıllarını kapsayan 144 yıllık bir zaman
dilimine ait olmakla beraber, belgeler ağırlıklı olarak XVIII. yüzyıla aittir. İncelenen bu
defterlerde kaza statüsünde olan şehrin kapıları, mahalleleri, nahiyeleri, köyleri, kazada bulunan
vakıfları, görev yapan personelleri ve aldıkları ücretler tespit edilmeye çalışılmıştır. Elde edilen
bu veriler, arşiv belgeleri ve daha önce ilçe üzerine yazılmış eserlerle desteklenmiştir. Ayrıca
bahsedilen bu vakıfların günümüzde var olup olmadığı belirtilmiştir.Since water has been at the forefront of people's basic needs throughout history, human
beings have always preferred places with wetlands when determining an area for settlement.
Since Birecik has a structure and geography that fits this definition, it has hosted many
civilizations throughout history. The city had remained under the rule of the Hittite, Assyrian,
Hurrian, Mitanni, Roman, Umayyad, Byzantine, Seljuk, County of Edessa, Zengid, Artuqid,
Timurid, Aq Qoyunlu, and Mameluke states until it joined the administration of the Ottoman
State. The fact that the Ottoman State built a shipyard in the city after taking control of the
region made Birecik an important center. Having maintained this importance for a long time,
the city lost its importance due to the Istanbul-Baghdad railway crossing south of Birecik, the
trade of caravan losing its importance, and the reasons that emerged during and after the World
War I.
The Ottoman State constructed structures and institutions such as mosques, masjids,
madrasahs, inns, Turkish baths, and lodges by means of foundations in the places under its
control. Some information about these structures can be found in the Hurufat Books. 25 of these
books kept at the General Directorate of Foundations are related to Birecik. Since the city was
called Biretu'l-Firat during the Ottoman period, the records about it were recorded under this
name. Although these records belong to a 144-year period covering between 1691-1835, the
documents are predominantly from the 18th century. The gates of the city in the status of a
district, neighborhoods, townships, villages, foundations in the city, the officials of these
foundations, and their wages were tried to be determined by examining these books. These data
were supported using archive documents and the previous works on the district. It was also
stated whether these foundations still exist today
Parallel robot scheduling to minimize mean tardiness with precedence constraints using a genetic algorithm
No full textIdentical parallel robot scheduling problem for minimizing mean tardiness with precedence constraints is a very important scheduling problem. But, the solution of this problem becomes much difficult when there are a number of robots, jobs and precedence constraints. Genetic algorithm is an efficient tool in the solution of combinatorial optimization problems, as it is well known. In this study, a genetic algorithm is used to schedule jobs that have precedence constraints minimizing the mean tardiness on identical parallel robots. The solutions of problems, which have been taken in different scales, have been done using simulated annealing and genetic algorithm. In particular, genetic algorithm is found noteworthy successful in large-scale problems. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved
Solving Integrated Process Planning, Dynamic Scheduling, and Due Date Assignment Using Metaheuristic Algorithms
Full text linkBecause the alternative process plans have significant contributions to the production efficiency of a manufacturing system, researchers have studied the integration of manufacturing functions, which can be divided into two groups, namely, integrated process planning and scheduling (IPPS) and scheduling with due date assignment (SWDDA). Although IPPS and SWDDA are well-known and solved problems in the literature, there are limited works on integration of process planning, scheduling, and due date assignment (IPPSDDA). In this study, due date assignment function was added to IPPS in a dynamic manufacturing environment. And the studied problem was introduced as dynamic integrated process planning, scheduling, and due date assignment (DIPPSDDA). The objective function of DIPPSDDA is to minimize earliness and tardiness (E/T) and determine due dates for each job. Furthermore, four different pure metaheuristic algorithms which are genetic algorithm (GA), tabu algorithm (TA), simulated annealing (SA), and their hybrid (combination) algorithms GA/SA and GA/TA have been developed to facilitate and optimize DIPPSDDA on the 8 different sized shop floors. The performance comparisons of the algorithms for each shop floor have been given to show the efficiency and effectiveness of the algorithms used. In conclusion, computational results show that the proposed combination algorithms are competitive, give better results than pure metaheuristics, and can effectively generate good solutions for DIPPSDDA problems
Modelling Porosity Permeability of Ceramic Tiles using Fuzzy Taguchi Method
Full text linkTaguchi experiment design in quality development studies, is an approach to engineering that supports research and development, product design and product development activities by enabling fewer trials of experiments to determine the best combinations of inputs that affect the outcome. In this study, the factors affecting the porosity were studied in a firm that produces ceramic tile. There were 6 factors considered to be important in total and 2 levels in each factor. L8 orthogonal array were used during the experiment design, which proposes 8 experiment types with different factor levels. The results of the experiments were analyzed so that important factors were determined. Significance of factors were tested by ANOVA and 4 of them were found to be significant. These factors were fuzzified by assessing the factors using linguistic expressions and then triangular fuzzy numbers. A model with 4 inputs and 1 output was built and 34 rules were generated for this model. The developed model was shown to be a useful approach in modeling the porosity permeability of ceramic tiles
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
The effects of the hypoosmolar environment on the immune system
No full textHiponatremi veya hipotonisite, extrasellüler ortamda rölatif veya mutlak su konsantrasyonunun artması sonucu plazma sodyum konsantrasyonunun 135 mEq/L’den düşük olması ile karakterizedir. Hipoosmolar ortamın özellikle nöronları çevreleyen astrositler üzerine etkileri ve buna bağlı oluşan klinik tablo bilinmesine rağmen hipotonik ortamın immün sistem üzerine etkileri bilinmemektedir. Bu çalışmada hiponatremiye bağlı olarak oluşan hipoosmolar ortamın immün sistem hücreleri üzerine olan etkilerinin ortaya konulması amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmamızda hiponatremi gelişmiş 20 KBY (Kronik Böbrek Yetmezliği) hastasından tedavi öncesi ve sonrası periferik kan örnekleri alınmıştır. Monoklonal antikorlarla boyama yapıldıktan sonra hazırlanmış olan panellerde AHÖ (Akan Hücre Ölçer) ile lenfosit, monosit ve granülosit alt grupları değerlendirilmiştir. Değerlendirme sonuçlarına göre CD8+ T hücreleri alt gruplarından yüksek düzeyde perforin ve granzim B gibi enflamatuvar molekülleri üretebilen pE₂ (pre-Effector memory 2- ön efektör bellek 2) ve E (efektör) hücrelerinin düzeyi artarken, bu molekülleri düşük seviyede üretme yeteneğindeki pE₁, EM₁ (effector memory 1-efektör bellek 1) ve EM4 hücrelerinin seviyeleri azalmıştır. Bellek CD8 + T hücreleri bakımından hipoosmolar ortamda proenflamatuvar bir profil söz konusudur. Th1 (T helper 1- T yardımcı 1), Tc1(T cytotoxic 1- T sitotoksik) hücrelerinde hiponatremi durumda bir artış gözlenmektedir. Bu durum, diğer bulgularla tutarlı olarak hipoosmolar ortamda proenflamatuvar bir yönelim olduğunu düşündürmektedir. Th17 ve Tc17 hücrelerinde artış eğilimi, enflamasyonu artırıcı yönde patojenik etkilere sahip olabilir. Th22 ve Tc22 hücrelerinde gözlenen artış ise, proenflamatuvar yanıtların meydana getirdiği ve hücrelerin içinde bulunduğu stres durumunun yol açtığı doku hasarına yanıt olabileceği gibi ortamdaki TNF-α artışının bir etkisi olabilir.Hyponatremia or hypotonicity is characterized by a plasma sodium concentration of less than 135 mEq/L as a result of increased relative and absolute water concentration in the extracellular environment. Although the effects of the hypoosmolar environment on the astrocytes surrounding the neurons and the resulting clinical picture are known, the effects of the hypotonic environment on the immune system are not known. In this study, it was aimed to reveal the effects of the hypoosmolar environment due to hyponatremia on immune system cells. In our study, peripheral blood samples were taken from 20 patients with CKD (Chronic Renal Failure) who developed hyponatremia before and after treatment. In the panels prepared after staining with monoclonal antibodies, lymphocyte, monocytes and granulocyte subgroups were evaluated with FC (Flow cytometry). According to the results of the evaluation, the level of pE₂ (pre-effector memory 2- pre-effector memory 2) and E (effector) cells, which can produce high levels of inflammatory molecules such as perforin and granzyme B, from subgroups of CD8+ T cells, increases, while pE₁, Em₁ (effector memory 1) and Em4 cells were decreased. There is a proinflammatory profile in the hypoosmolar environment for memory CD8+ T cells. An increase in hyponatremia is observed in Th1 (T helper 1), Tc1 (T cytotoxic 1) cells. This suggests a proinflammatory trend in the hypoosmolar environment, consistent with other findings. The tendency to increase in Th17 and Tc17 cells may have pathogenic effects that increase inflammation. The increase observed in Th22 and Tc22 cells, on the other hand, may be a response to tissue damage caused by proinflammatory responses and the stress situation in which the cells are located, as well as an effect of the increase in TNF-α in the environment
Bütünleşik proses planlama, çizelgeleme ve teslim tarihi belirleme
No full textBu tezin, veri tabanı üzerinden yayınlanma izni bulunmamaktadır.Kullanılabilirlik Kontrolü, Yapılabilirlik Kontrolü, Ana Üretim Çizelgeleme (AÜÇ) Günümüzün endüstriyel kuruluşları, Dünya pazarlarına yönlenmiş ve değişik üretim stratejileri ve teknolojilerini bünyesinde özümleyerek Dünya klasmanında kendilerine yer aramaktadırlar. Bu da işletmeleri bilgi sistemleri için bilgisayar teknolojilerini kullanmaya zorlamaktadır. Yoğun rekabetin olduğu pazarlardaki şartlar, işletmeleri üretim sistemlerini daha esnek yapmaya, otomasyon düzeylerini arttırmaya ve fabrika kaynaklarını daha yüksek verimlilikle kullanmaya zorlamaktadır. Kullamlabilirlik/Yapılabilirlik kontrol sistemi, müşterinin ihtiyaç duyduğu ürünü elde edebilmek için stoklan, kapasiteyi ve malzeme kmlamlabilirliğini kontrol ederek çalışır. Kullamlabilirlik/Yapılabilirlik sisteminin kullammı planlayıcı ve yöneticiler için üretim planlama hakkında karar verme yönünde etkin bir görev üstlenir. Bu çalışmada bir imalat şirketinde tasarlanıp hazırlanan internet destekli ve kural tabanlı bir kullamlabilirlik/yapılabilirlik sistemi ve yazılımı hakkında açıklamalar yer almaktadır. Bölüm l'de kullamlabilirlik/yapılabilirlik kavramı genel olarak tanımlanmış ve literatür taramasına değinilmiştir. Bölüm 2'de, kullamlabilirlik/yapılabilirlik sistemi hakkında ayrıntılı bilgiler verilmiştir. Bölüm 3 'de, kullamlabilirlik/yapılabilirlik sisteminde başvurulan ana üretim çizelgesi ve hazırlama tekniklerinden bahsedilmiştir. Bu tekniklere, stoğa ve siparişe göre montaj ortamları için açıklamalar getirilmiştir. Bölüm 4'de malzeme ihtiyaç planlama süreci açıklanmıştır. Bölüm 5 'de ise işletme kaynak planlaması hakkında genel tanım ve açıklamalara yer verilmiştir. Bölüm 6 'da kural tabanlı sistemler hakkında bilgi verilmiş, bölüm 7'de de İnternet destekli kullamlabilirlik/yapılabilirlik sisteminin oluşturulması için gerekli olan teknik alt yapı ile ilgili tanımlamalar yapılmıştır. Bölüm 8 'de ise, stoğa üretim ve siparişe göre montaj ortamları için hazırlanmış olan İnternet destekli kural tabanlı kullamlabilirlik/yapılabilirlik sistemi ve yazılım açıklanmıştır.Keywords: Available to Promise (ATP), Capable to Promise (CTP), Master production Scheduling (MPS) Today's industrial enterprises must be directed to world markets and use different production strategies and technologies. This is forced them to computer technologies for information systems. Market conditions which are very competative were seized the enterprises to increase automation level and increase the efficiency. Available- to-promise/Capable-to-Promise (ATP/CTP) control system works by controlling the inventory level, capacity and availability of material which are obtained from stocks or supplier to produce the customer needs.ATP/CTP system is a decision support system for planner and directors. In this study, web based and rule based ATP/CTP system was developed and applied. In chapter 1, ATP/CTP consept is defined in general and mentioned literatür review. In chapter 2, ATP/CTP system is explained in detail. Master Production Scheduling techniques are shown in chapter 3. Chapter 4 contains MRP concept. In chapter 5, Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) topics are expressed, in chapter 6, Rule based systems are explained. Web based ATP/CTP system's technologies are demonstrated in chapter 7. In chapter 8, Web based and rule based ATP/CTP system application are explained in make-to-stock and assemble-to-order environments
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