1,721,106 research outputs found
Biretü'l-Fırat (Birecik) district foundations according to Hurufat Books
No full textTarih boyunca insanların temel ihtiyaçlarının başında su geldiğinden insanoğlu yerleşim
yeri belirlerken her zaman sulak alanların bulunduğu yerleri tercih etmiştir. Birecik de bu tanıma
uygun yapı ve coğrafyaya sahip olduğundan tarih boyunca birçok medeniyete ev sahipliği
yapmıştır. Şehir, Osmanlı Devleti’nin idaresine katılıncaya kadar, Hitit, Asur, Hurri, Mittani,
Roma, Emevi, Bizans, Selçuklu, Urfa Haçlı Kontluğu, Zengi, Artuklu, Timurlu, Akkoyunlu ve
Memluklü hâkimiyetinde kalmıştır. Osmanlı Devleti bölgeye hâkim olduktan sonra şehirde
tersane inşa etmesi, Birecik’i mühim bir merkez haline getirmiştir. Uzun süre bu önemini
koruduktan sonra İstanbul-Bağdat demir yolunun Birecik’in güneyinden geçmesi, kervan
ticaretinin önemini kaybetmesi ve Birinci Dünya Savaşı sırasında ve sonrasında meydana gelen
sebepler yüzünden şehir önemini kaybetmiştir.
Osmanlı Devleti vakıflar aracılığıyla hâkim olduğu yerlerde cami, mescit, medrese, han,
hamam, zaviye gibi yapı ve kurumlarla donatmıştır. Bu yapılara dair birtakım bilgilere hurufat
defterlerinde ulaşılmaktadır. Vakıflar Genel Müdürlüğünde tutulan bu defterlerden 25 tanesi
Birecik ile alakalıdır. Osmanlı Devleti döneminde şehir, Biretü'l-Fırat olarak anıldığından
kayıtları da bu isimle yazılmıştır. Bu kayıtlar, 1691-1835 yıllarını kapsayan 144 yıllık bir zaman
dilimine ait olmakla beraber, belgeler ağırlıklı olarak XVIII. yüzyıla aittir. İncelenen bu
defterlerde kaza statüsünde olan şehrin kapıları, mahalleleri, nahiyeleri, köyleri, kazada bulunan
vakıfları, görev yapan personelleri ve aldıkları ücretler tespit edilmeye çalışılmıştır. Elde edilen
bu veriler, arşiv belgeleri ve daha önce ilçe üzerine yazılmış eserlerle desteklenmiştir. Ayrıca
bahsedilen bu vakıfların günümüzde var olup olmadığı belirtilmiştir.Since water has been at the forefront of people's basic needs throughout history, human
beings have always preferred places with wetlands when determining an area for settlement.
Since Birecik has a structure and geography that fits this definition, it has hosted many
civilizations throughout history. The city had remained under the rule of the Hittite, Assyrian,
Hurrian, Mitanni, Roman, Umayyad, Byzantine, Seljuk, County of Edessa, Zengid, Artuqid,
Timurid, Aq Qoyunlu, and Mameluke states until it joined the administration of the Ottoman
State. The fact that the Ottoman State built a shipyard in the city after taking control of the
region made Birecik an important center. Having maintained this importance for a long time,
the city lost its importance due to the Istanbul-Baghdad railway crossing south of Birecik, the
trade of caravan losing its importance, and the reasons that emerged during and after the World
War I.
The Ottoman State constructed structures and institutions such as mosques, masjids,
madrasahs, inns, Turkish baths, and lodges by means of foundations in the places under its
control. Some information about these structures can be found in the Hurufat Books. 25 of these
books kept at the General Directorate of Foundations are related to Birecik. Since the city was
called Biretu'l-Firat during the Ottoman period, the records about it were recorded under this
name. Although these records belong to a 144-year period covering between 1691-1835, the
documents are predominantly from the 18th century. The gates of the city in the status of a
district, neighborhoods, townships, villages, foundations in the city, the officials of these
foundations, and their wages were tried to be determined by examining these books. These data
were supported using archive documents and the previous works on the district. It was also
stated whether these foundations still exist today
Parallel robot scheduling to minimize mean tardiness with precedence constraints using a genetic algorithm
No full textIdentical parallel robot scheduling problem for minimizing mean tardiness with precedence constraints is a very important scheduling problem. But, the solution of this problem becomes much difficult when there are a number of robots, jobs and precedence constraints. Genetic algorithm is an efficient tool in the solution of combinatorial optimization problems, as it is well known. In this study, a genetic algorithm is used to schedule jobs that have precedence constraints minimizing the mean tardiness on identical parallel robots. The solutions of problems, which have been taken in different scales, have been done using simulated annealing and genetic algorithm. In particular, genetic algorithm is found noteworthy successful in large-scale problems. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Solving Integrated Process Planning, Dynamic Scheduling, and Due Date Assignment Using Metaheuristic Algorithms
Full text linkBecause the alternative process plans have significant contributions to the production efficiency of a manufacturing system, researchers have studied the integration of manufacturing functions, which can be divided into two groups, namely, integrated process planning and scheduling (IPPS) and scheduling with due date assignment (SWDDA). Although IPPS and SWDDA are well-known and solved problems in the literature, there are limited works on integration of process planning, scheduling, and due date assignment (IPPSDDA). In this study, due date assignment function was added to IPPS in a dynamic manufacturing environment. And the studied problem was introduced as dynamic integrated process planning, scheduling, and due date assignment (DIPPSDDA). The objective function of DIPPSDDA is to minimize earliness and tardiness (E/T) and determine due dates for each job. Furthermore, four different pure metaheuristic algorithms which are genetic algorithm (GA), tabu algorithm (TA), simulated annealing (SA), and their hybrid (combination) algorithms GA/SA and GA/TA have been developed to facilitate and optimize DIPPSDDA on the 8 different sized shop floors. The performance comparisons of the algorithms for each shop floor have been given to show the efficiency and effectiveness of the algorithms used. In conclusion, computational results show that the proposed combination algorithms are competitive, give better results than pure metaheuristics, and can effectively generate good solutions for DIPPSDDA problems
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
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