1,720,993 research outputs found
Experimental study of water-extractable sulphate in Opalinus Clay and implications for deriving porewater concentrations
Full text linkIn northern Switzerland, the Opalinus Clay, a Jurassic claystone formation, is foreseen as host rock for a deep geological repository for radioactive waste. Characterizing its porewater is of particular importance for assessing the mobility of radionuclides and the stability of the engineered barriers. Although the porewater composition of the Opalinus Clay is fairly well known, there is still controversy on the sources of sulphate obtained by different porewater characterization methods. A striking observation is that sulphate concentrations from aqueous extraction and recalculated to in-situ conditions are consistently much higher than sulphate concentrations measured in borehole waters, squeezed waters and advectively displaced waters (“excess sulphate”). Accordingly, the main objective of this study is to better investigate the processes affecting dissolved sulphate concentrations during aqueous extraction and, thus, to reduce uncertainties in predicting the concentrations of this compound in the Opalinus Clay porewater. To this end, a series of extraction experiments were conducted using variable solid/liquid ratios, extraction times and extract solutions. In order to suppress sulphide-mineral oxidation, all the experiments were performed in a glovebox under oxygen-free conditions (atmosphere and solutions). Measurements of the sulphur and oxygen isotope composition of the dissolved sulphate in aqueous extracts are aimed to further constrain the source of the “excess sulphate”. Finally, the plausibility of the SO4 data from extraction experiments in terms of their representativeness for in-situ conditions was evaluated by simple geochemical modelling. The modelling shows that SO4 concentrations from aqueous extracts recalculated to in-situ conditions imply dissolved and exchangeable cation concentrations which are not consistent with measured data, thus, attesting non-conservative behaviour for sulphate during aqueous extraction. However, the various extraction experiments showed that pyrite oxidation was successfully suppressed during the experiments and neither contributions from e.g. organic material, congruent calcite dissolution and/or sulphate mineral dissolution provide enough SO4 to explain the “excess sulphate”. Ultimately, the various extraction experiments failed to definitely identify the source of the “excess sulphate” in aqueous extracts. However, the good agreement found between the δ18O and δ34S values of dissolved SO4 in aqueous extracts and those of borehole waters suggest that the “excess sulphate” might be weakly bound to mineral surfaces
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
Étude de la dissolution de verres borosilicatés en présence de minéraux magnésiens modèles représentatifs des minéraux de l'argilite du Callovo-Oxfordien
No full textBorosilicate glasses dissolution has been studied in presence of magnesium minerals. Those minerals (dolomite, illite, smectite…) belong to the Callovo-Oxfordian (COx) claystone layer, studied in France as a potential site for nuclear waste disposal. Such minerals contain magnesium, an element able to sustain glass alteration when it is available in solution. In the confined media of the wastes disposal, thesolids reactivity controls the solution composition and can be the driving force of nuclear glass alteration. Experiments show that magnesium carbonates (hydromagnesite and dolomite) increase in the glass alteration: the precipitation of magnesium silicates consumes silicon which slows down the formation of the glass passivating layer. The lower the magnesium mineral solubility, the lower the glass alteration.The purified clay phases (illite, smectite…) from the COx layer increase the glass alteration. Half the magnesium was remplaced by sodium during the purification process. In such conditions, the effect of clay phases on glass alteration is in part due to the acidic pH-buffering effect of the clay fraction. The GRAAL model implemented in the geochemical transport code HYTEC has confirmed and quantified the mechanisms put in evidence in the experiments. Cells diffusion experiments where the two solids were separated by an inert diffusion barrier allow to valid reactive transport modelling. Such experiments are more representative of the glass package which will be separated from the COx by corrosion products. They show that glass alteration rate is reduced when solids are not close.La dissolution de verres borosilicatés en présence de minéraux magnésiens a été étudiée. Ces minéraux (dolomite, illite, smectite…) appartiennent à la couche géologique (Callovo-Oxfordien) destinée à accueillir le stockage des déchets nucléaires vitrifiés en France. Ils contiennent du magnésium, élément capable d'entretenir l'altération du verre lorsqu'il est disponible en solution. Dans les milieux confinés du stockage, la réactivité des solides contrôle la composition de la solution et peut être la force motrice de l'altération des verres nucléaires. Les expériences montrent que les carbonates magnésiens (hydromagnésite, dolomite) entretiennent l'altération du verre : la précipitation de silicates de magnésium empêche la recondensation du silicium dans la couche passivante en surface du verre. Plus le minéral magnésien est soluble, plus l'altération du verre est importante. Les phases argileuses purifiées (illite, smectite…) du Callovo-Oxfordien (COx) augmentent également l'altération du verre. La moitié du magnésium échangeable de ces phases a été remplacée par du sodium lors du protocole de purification. Dans ces conditions, l'effet des phases argileuses sur l'altération du verre est en partie dû au pH acide qu'elles imposent. Le modèle d'altération des verres GRAAL implémenté dans le code de transport réactif HYTEC a permis de confirmer et de quantifier les mécanismes identifiés à partir des expériences en système fermé. Des expériences en cellule de diffusion, deux compartiments séparés par une barrière diffusive inerte, ont permis de valider une modélisation du transport réactif. Ces expériences, plus représentatives des conditions de stockage, où le bloc de verre sera séparé du COx par les produits de corrosion des aciers, illustrent le ralentissement des cinétiques attendu compte tenu de l'éloignement du verre et des minéraux réactifs
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Effects of magnesium minerals representative of the Callovian-Oxfordian claystone on borosilicate glass alteration
No full textLa dissolution de verres borosilicatés en présence de minéraux magnésiens a été étudiée. Ces minéraux (dolomite, illite, smectite…) appartiennent à la couche géologique (Callovo-Oxfordien) destinée à accueillir le stockage des déchets nucléaires vitrifiés en France. Ils contiennent du magnésium, élément capable d'entretenir l'altération du verre lorsqu'il est disponible en solution. Dans les milieux confinés du stockage, la réactivité des solides contrôle la composition de la solution et peut être la force motrice de l'altération des verres nucléaires. Les expériences montrent que les carbonates magnésiens (hydromagnésite, dolomite) entretiennent l'altération du verre : la précipitation de silicates de magnésium empêche la recondensation du silicium dans la couche passivante en surface du verre. Plus le minéral magnésien est soluble, plus l'altération du verre est importante. Les phases argileuses purifiées (illite, smectite…) du Callovo-Oxfordien (COx) augmentent également l'altération du verre. La moitié du magnésium échangeable de ces phases a été remplacée par du sodium lors du protocole de purification. Dans ces conditions, l'effet des phases argileuses sur l'altération du verre est en partie dû au pH acide qu'elles imposent. Le modèle d'altération des verres GRAAL implémenté dans le code de transport réactif HYTEC a permis de confirmer et de quantifier les mécanismes identifiés à partir des expériences en système fermé. Des expériences en cellule de diffusion, deux compartiments séparés par une barrière diffusive inerte, ont permis de valider une modélisation du transport réactif. Ces expériences, plus représentatives des conditions de stockage, où le bloc de verre sera séparé du COx par les produits de corrosion des aciers, illustrent le ralentissement des cinétiques attendu compte tenu de l'éloignement du verre et des minéraux réactifs.Borosilicate glasses dissolution has been studied in presence of magnesium minerals. Those minerals (dolomite, illite, smectite…) belong to the Callovo-Oxfordian (COx) claystone layer, studied in France as a potential site for nuclear waste disposal. Such minerals contain magnesium, an element able to sustain glass alteration when it is available in solution. In the confined media of the wastes disposal, thesolids reactivity controls the solution composition and can be the driving force of nuclear glass alteration. Experiments show that magnesium carbonates (hydromagnesite and dolomite) increase in the glass alteration: the precipitation of magnesium silicates consumes silicon which slows down the formation of the glass passivating layer. The lower the magnesium mineral solubility, the lower the glass alteration.The purified clay phases (illite, smectite…) from the COx layer increase the glass alteration. Half the magnesium was remplaced by sodium during the purification process. In such conditions, the effect of clay phases on glass alteration is in part due to the acidic pH-buffering effect of the clay fraction. The GRAAL model implemented in the geochemical transport code HYTEC has confirmed and quantified the mechanisms put in evidence in the experiments. Cells diffusion experiments where the two solids were separated by an inert diffusion barrier allow to valid reactive transport modelling. Such experiments are more representative of the glass package which will be separated from the COx by corrosion products. They show that glass alteration rate is reduced when solids are not close
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