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Genetic Approaches For Studying Myiasis-causing Flies: Molecular Markers And Mitochondrial Genomics
No full text"Myiasis-causing flies" is a generic term that includes species from numerous dipteran families, mainly Calliphoridae and Oestridae, of which blowflies, screwworm flies and botflies are among the most important. This group of flies is characterized by the ability of their larvae to develop in animal flesh. When the host is a live vertebrate, such parasitism by dipterous larvae is known as primary myiasis. Myiasis-causing flies can be classified as saprophagous (free-living species), facultative or obligate parasites. Many of these flies are of great medical and veterinary importance in Brazil because of their role as key livestock insect-pests and vectors of pathogens, in addition to being considered important legal evidence in forensic entomology. The characterization of myiasis-causing flies using molecular markers to study mtDNA (by RFLP) and nuclear DNA (by RAPD and microsatellite) has been used to identify the evolutionary mechanisms responsible for specific patterns of genetic variability. These approaches have been successfully used to analyze the population structures of the New World screwworm fly Cochliomyia hominivorax and the botfly Dermatobia hominis. In this review, various aspects of the organization, evolution and potential applications of the mitochondrial genome of myiasis-causing flies in Brazil, and the analysis of nuclear markers in genetic studies of populations, are discussed. © Springer 2006.12601/02/15111131Avancini, R.M.P., Linhares, A.X., Selective attractiveness of rodent-baited traps for female blowflies (1988) Med. Vet. Entomol., 2, pp. 73-76Avancini, R.M.P., Prado, A.P., Oogenesis in Chrysomya putoria (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) (1986) Int. J. Insect Morphol. 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Evolutionary And Structural Analysis Of The Cytochrome C Oxidase Subunit I (coi) Gene From Haematobia Irritans, Stomoxys Calcitrans And Musca Domestica (diptera: Muscidae) Mitochondrial Dna
No full textThis work describes the molecular characterization of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene of the mitochondrial DNA from three species of great medical and veterinary importance: the horn fly, Haematobia irritans, the stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans and the house fly, Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae) (Linnaeus). The nucleotide sequence in all species was 1536 bp in size and coded for a 512 amino acid peptide. The nucleotide bias for an A + T-rich sequence is linked to three features: a high A + T content throughout the entire gene, a high A + T content in the third codon position, and a predominance of A + T-rich codons. An anomalous TCG (serine) start codon was identified. Comparative analysis among members of the Muscidae, Scatophagidae, Calliphoridae and Drosophilidae showed high levels of nucleotide sequence conservation. Analysis of the divergent amino acids and COI protein topologies among these three Muscidae species agreed with the evolutionary model suggested for the insect mitochondrial COI protein. The characterization of the structure and evolution of this gene could be informative for further evolutionary analysis of dipteran species. © 2005 Taylor & Francis Ltd.162156160Beard, C.B., Hamm, D.M., Collins, F.H., The mitochondrial genome of the mosquito Anopheles gambiae: DNA sequence, genome organization, and comparisons with mitochondrial sequences of other insects (1993) Insect Mol Biol, 2, pp. 103-124Bernasconi, M.V., Valsangiacomo, C., Piffaretti, J.C., Ward, P.I., Phylogenetic relationships among Muscoidea (Diptera: Calyptratae) based on mitochondrial DNA sequences (2000) Insect Mol Biol, 9, pp. 67-74Caterino, M.S., Cho, S., Sperling, F.A.H., The current state of insect molecular systematics: A thriving Tower of Babel (2000) Annu Rev Entomol, 45, pp. 1-54Crozier, R.H., Crozier, Y.C., The mitochondrial genome of the honeybee Apis mellifera: Complete sequence and genome organization (1993) Genetics, 133, pp. 97-117Foster, P.G., Jermiin, L.S., Hickey, D.A., Nucleotide composition bias affects amino acid content in proteins coded by animal mitochondria (1997) J Mol E, 44, pp. 282-288Greenberg, B., Flies and disease (1973) Biology and Disease Transmission, 2. , New Jersey: University Press PrincetownInfante, M.E., Azeredo-Espin, A.M.L., Genetic variability in mitochondrial DNA of screwworm, Cochliomyia hominivorax (Diptera: Calliphoridae), from Brazil (1995) Biochem Genet, 33, pp. 737-756Kumar, S., Tamura, K., Nei, M., (1993) MEGA: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis, Version 1.01, , University Park, Pennsylvania: The Pennsylvania State UniversityLessinger, A.C., Azeredo-Espin, A.M.L., Evolution and structural organisation of mitochondrial DNA control region of myiasis-causing flies (2000) Med Vet Entomol, 14, pp. 71-80Litjens, P., Lessinger, A.C., Azeredo-Espin, A.M.L., Characterization of the screwworm flies Cochliomyia hominivorax and Cochliomyia macellaria by PCR-RFLP of mitochondrial DNA (2001) Med Vet Entomol, 15, pp. 183-188Lunt, D.H., Zhang, D.-X., Szymura, J.M., Hewitt, G.M., The insect cytochrome oxidase I gene: Evolutionary patterns and conserved primers for phylogenetic studies (1996) Insect Mol Biol, 5, pp. 153-165Morlais, I., Severson, D.W., Complete mitochondrial DNA sequence and amino acid analysis of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) from Aedes aegypti (2002) DNA Seq, 13, pp. 123-127Nirmala, X., Hypsa, V., Zurovec, M., Molecular phylogeny of Calyptratae (Diptera: Brachycera): The evolution of 18S and 16S ribosomal rDNAs in higher dipterans and their use in phylogenetic inference (2001) Insect Mol Biol, 10, pp. 475-485Saccone, C., De Giorgi, C., Gissi, C., Pesole, G., Reyes, A., Evolutionary genomics in Metazoa: The mitochondrial DNA as a model system (1999) Gene, 238, pp. 195-209Simon, C., Frati, F., Beckenbach, A., Crespi, B., Liu, H., Flook, P., Evolution, weighting, and phylogenetic utility of mitochondrial gene sequences and a compilation of conserved polymerase chain reaction primers (1994) Ann Entomol Soc Am, 87, pp. 651-701Szalanski, A.L., Owens, C.B., Sequence change and phylogenetic signal in muscoid COII DNA sequences (2003) DNA Seq, 14, pp. 331-334Tajima, F., Nei, M., Estimation of evolutionary distance between nucleotide sequences (1984) Mol Biol Evol, 1, pp. 269-285Thompson, J.D., Gibson, T.J., Plewniak, F., Jeanmougin, F., Higgins, D.G., The CLUSTAL_X windows interface: Flexible strategies for multiple sequence alignment aided by quality analysis tools (1997) Nucleic Acids Research, 25, pp. 4876-488
Development Of Polymorphic Microsatellite Markers For The Human Botfly, Dermatobia Hominis (diptera: Oestridae)
No full textIn this report, we describe the development of 17 polymorphic microsatellite markers for the human botfly, Dermatobia hominis, an obligatory parasite of mammals of great veterinary importance in Latin America. The number of alleles ranged from 5 to 21 per locus, with a mean of 12.2 alleles per locus. The expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.2571 to 0.9206 and from 0.2984 to 0.9291 in two populations from Brazil. These markers should provide a high resolution tool for assessment of the fine-scale genetic structure of natural populations of the human botfly. © 2009 The Authors.91409411Brookfield, J.F.Y., A simple new method for estimating null allele frequency from heterozygote deficiency (1996) Molecular Ecology, 5, pp. 453-455Edwards, K.J., Barker, J.H.A., Daly, A., Jones, C., Karp, A., Microsatellite libraries enriched for several microsatellite sequences in plants (1996) BioTechniques, 20, pp. 758-759Guimarães, J.H., Papavero, N.A., A tentative annotated bibliography of Dermatobia hominis (Linnaeus Jr., 1781) (Diptera: Cuterebridae) (1966) Arquivos de Zoologia, 14, pp. 223-294Raymond, M., Rousset, F., GenePop (version 1.2): Population genetics software for exact tests and ecumenicism (1995) Journal of Heredity, 86, pp. 248-249Rice, W.R., Analyzing tables of statistical tests (1989) Evolution, 43, pp. 223-225Rozen, S., Skaletsky, H.J., (1998) Primer3, , http://www-genome.wi.mit.edu/genome_software/other/primer3.html, Code available AtSancho, E., Dermatobia, the Neotropical warble fly (1998) Parasitology Today, 4, pp. 242-246Torres, T.T., Azeredo-Espin, A.M.L., Development of new polymorphic microsatellite markers for the New World screw-worm, Cochliomyia hominivorax (Diptera: Calliphoridae) (2005) Molecular Ecology Notes, 5, pp. 815-818Van Oosterhout, C., Hutchinson, W.F., Wills, D.P., Shipley, P., Micro-Checker: Software for identifying and correcting genotyping errors in microsatellite data (2004) Molecular Ecology Notes, 4, pp. 535-53
Acetylcholinesterase Cdna Sequencing And Identification Of Mutations Associated With Organophosphate Resistance In Cochliomyia Hominivorax (diptera: Calliphoridae)
No full textAltered acetylcholinesterase (AChE) has been identified in numerous arthropod species resistant to organophosphate (OP) and carbamate insecticides. The New World screwworm (NWS) Cochliomyia hominivorax (Coquerel), one of the most important myiasis-causing flies in the Neotropics, has been controlled mainly by the application of OP insecticides in its current geographical distribution. However, few studies have investigated insecticide resistance in this species. Based on previous studies about mutations conferring OP resistance in related dipteran species, AChE cDNA was sequenced allowing a survey for mutations (I298V, G401A, F466Y) in NWS populations. In addition, the G137D mutation in the carboxylesterase E3 gene, also associated with OP resistance, was analyzed in the same NWS populations. Only 2/135 individuals presented an altered AChE gene (F466Y). In contrast, a high frequency of the G137D mutation in the E3 gene was found in some localities of Brazil and Uruguay, while the mutant allele was not found in Cuba, Venezuela or Colombia. These findings suggest that the alteration in the carboxylesterase E3 gene may be one of the main resistance mechanisms selected in this ectoparasite. The knowledge of the frequency of these resistance-associated mutations in the NWS natural populations may contribute to the selection of appropriate chemicals for control as part of pest management strategies. © 2010 Elsevier B.V.17701/02/15190195Altschul, S.F., Maden, T.L., Schäffer, A.A., Zhang, Z., Miller, W., Lipman, D.J., Gapped BLAST and PSI-BLAST: a new generation of protein database search programs (1997) Nucleic Acids Res., 25, pp. 3389-3402Bendtsen, J.D., Nielsen, H., von Heijne, G., Brunak, S., Improved prediction of signal peptides: signal P 3.0 (2004) J. Mol. Biol., 340, pp. 783-795Campbell, P.M., Trott, J.F., Claudianos, C., Smyth, K.A., Russell, R.J., Oakeshott, J.G., Biochemistry of esterases associated with organophosphate resistance in Lucilia cuprina with comparisons to putative orthologues in other Diptera (1997) Biochem. Genet., 35, pp. 17-40Carvalho, R.A., Torres, T.T., Azeredo-Espin, A.M.L., A survey of mutations in the Cochliomyia hominivorax (Diptera: Calliphoridae) esterase E3 gene associated with organophosphate resistance and the molecular identification of mutant alleles (2006) Vet. Parasitol., 140, pp. 344-351Carvalho, R.A., Torres, T.T., Paniago, M.G., Azeredo-Espin, A.M.L., Molecular characterization of esterase E3 gene associated with organophosphorus insecticide resistance in the New World screwworm fly, Cochliomyia hominivorax (2009) Med. Vet. Entomol., 23, pp. 86-91Carvalho, R.A., Limia, C.E.G., Bass, C., Azeredo-Espin, A.M.L., Changes in the frequency of the G137D and W251S mutations in the carboxylesterase E3 gene of Cochliomyia hominivorax (Diptera: Calliphoridae) populations from Uruguay (2010) Vet. Parasitol.Chen, Z., Newcomb, R., Forbes, E., Mckenzie, J., Batterham, P., The acetylcholinesterase gene and organophosphorus resistance in the Australian sheep blowfly, Lucilia cuprina (2001) Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol., 31, pp. 805-816Claudianos, C., Russel, R.J., Oakeshott, J.G., The same amino acid substitution in orthologous esterases confers organophosphate resistance on the house fly and a blowfly (1999) Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol., 29, pp. 675-686Coronado, A., Kowalski, A., Current status of the New World screwworm Cochliomyia hominivorax in Venezuela (2009) Med. Vet. Entomol., 23 (SUPPL. 1), pp. 106-110Galvin, T.J., Wyss, J.H., Screwworm Eradication Program in Central America. Vector-borne pathogens: international trade and tropical animal diseases (1996) Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 791, pp. 233-240Haas, T., Marshall, T.L., Rosenberry, T.L., Drosophila acetylcholinesterase: demonstration of a glycoinositol phospholipids anchor and an endogenous proteolytic cleavage (1998) Biochemistry, 27, pp. 6453-6457Hall, M., Wall, R., Myiasis of human and domestic animals (1995) Adv. Parasitol., 35, pp. 257-334Infante-Vargas, M.E., Azeredo-Espin, A.M.L., Genetic variability in mitochondrial DNA of screwworm, Cochliomyia hominivorax (Diptera: Calliphoridae), from Brazil (1995) Biochem. Genet., 33, pp. 737-756Kim, C.S., Kim, W.T., Boo, K.S., Kim, S.I., Cloning, mutagenesis and expression of the acetylcholinesterase gene from a strain of Musca domesticathe change from a drug-resistant to a sensitive enzyme (2003) Mol. Cell, 15, pp. 208-215Menozzi, P., Shi, M.A., Lougarre, A., Tang, Z.H., Fournier, D., Mutations of acetylcholinesterase which confer insecticide resistance in Drosophila melanogaster populations (2004) BMC Evol. Biol., 4, p. 4Mutero, A., Pralavorio, M., Bride, J.M., Fournier, D., Resistance-associated point mutations in insecticide insensitive acetylcholinesterase (1994) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 91, pp. 5922-5926Newcomb, R.D., Campbell, P.M., Russell, R.J., Oakeshott, J.G., CDNA Cloning baculovirus-expression and kinetic properties of the esterase E3, involved in organophosphorus resistance in Lucilia cuprina (1997) Insect Biochem. Mol. 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Res., 8, pp. 1067-1078Sunyaev, S.R., Eisenhaber, F., Rodchenkov, I.B., Eisenhaber, B., Tumanyan, V.G., Kuznetsov, E.N., Prediction of potential GPI-modification sites in protein sequences (1999) Protein Eng., 12, pp. 387-394Schumacher, M., Camp, S., Maulet, Y., Newton, M., MacPhee-Quigley, K., Taylor, S.S., Friedmann, T., Taylor, P., Primary structure of Torpedo californica acetylcholinesterase deduced from its cDNA sequence (1986) Nature, 319 (6052), pp. 407-409Temeyer, K.B., Chen, A.C., Identification and characterization of a cDNA encoding the acetylcholinesterase of Haematobia irritans (L.) (Diptera: Muscidae) (2007) DNA Seq., 18, pp. 9-85Temeyer, K.B., Li, A.Y., Lohmeyer, K.H., Chen, A.C., Olafson, P.U., Sanson, D.W., Foil, L.D., Acetylcholinesterase mutation in diazinon-resistant Haematobia irritans (L.) (Diptera: Muscidae) (2008) Vet. 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Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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