13 research outputs found
The origins of phonetics and phonology in Medieval Hebrew Literature in Andalusia in a \"new\" reading of the Masorah by Abū Zakariyaʾ Yaḥya Ibn Dāwūd Ḥayyūj Alfesi
No full textAbū Zakariyaʾ Ibn Dāwūd Ḥayyūdj nasceu em Fez, Marrocos, e viveu em Córdoba, Andaluzia, entre os anos 960 e 1010 A.D. Ḥayyūdj ganhou o título de \"grande gramático\" por desvendar o mistério dos verbos fracos. Até então, palavras difíceis eram solucionadas por métodos comparativos (Seʿádia Gaʾon e Yehudá Ben Quraish); ou eram associadas à raízes, atualmente reconhecidas como compostas por três letras diferentes, à mesma raiz reduzida a duas letras ou até uma (Menaḥem, Dunash e David Alfesi). Prima facie, as teorias de Ḥayyūdj emergiram a partir de estudos gramaticais que se iniciaram como um continuum dos sábios tardios da Messorá. Porém, o presente trabalho pretende mostrar a conexão que havia entre Ḥayyūdj e a Messorá, que não foi tratada nos trabalhos acadêmicos consultados. Por isso, espera-se preencher essa lacuna existente na literatura explorando os contextos histórico, gramatical e massorético nos quais Ḥayyūdj estava inserido. Consequentemente perceber-se-á como Ḥayyūdj superou seus antecessores. No decorrer da exposição discute-se como o Texto Bíblico foi veiculado em dois canais paralelos (escrito e oral) e por tradições diferentes (judaicas babilônicas, tiberienses, israelense e Andaluz). Desmembra-se o Texto Massorético em três camadas: Texto Consonantal, sinais massoréticos e anotações massoréticas. Apresenta-se um modelo triangular no qual as anotações massoréticas (qere–ketiv) encontram-se no topo para harmonizar entre o Texto Consonantal e os sinais massoréticos. Analisa-se, diacronicamente, segundo a fonologia gerativa, a profundidade da escrita do Texto Massorético abrangendo a visão dos massoretas tiberienses (produtores) e dos andaluzes (consumidores). Discute-se a afinidade entre a Messorá, as teorias gramaticais anteriores e Ḥayyūdj. Mostra-se que Ḥayyūdj foi o primeiro gramático, fora dos círculos massoréticos, que interpretou os qere–ketiv marcados nas marginais dos códices massoréticos. Discute-se como Ḥayyūdj solucionou as contradições existentes entre as vogais massoréticas e as vogais do Texto Consonantal. Mais especificamente mostra-se como as teorias de Ḥayyūdj permearam os planos ortográfico, fonético, fonológico, melismático e morfológico da gramática. Na ortografia, as formas plenas e defectivas seriam equivalentes; no plano fonético, qamats e pataḥ, tseire e segol e por fim, ḥolam e ḥataf-qamats seriam pares de fones iguais; no plano fonológico, o qamats diferentemente do pataḥ, tseire diferentemente do segol, e ḥolam diferentemente do ḥataf-qamats seriam seguidos por uma espécie de arquifonema amorfo inspirado na Messorá e nas letras de prolongação do árabe: o sākin layyin traduzido para o português como \"repouso frágil\"; no plano melismático, as vogais massoréticas precederiam os melismas; no plano morfológico, o hebraico seria enquadrado no modelo estrutural das línguas semíticas. Em suma, mostra-se que com base no sākin layyin, Ḥayyūdj abandonou o modelo mental arraigado em seus antecessores para desenvolver teorias sólidas que solucionariam o problema dos verbos fracos e que simultaneamente traria harmonia entre o Texto Massorético e a tradição oral andaluza.Abū Zakariyaʾ Ibn Dāwūd Ḥayyūj was born in Fez, Morocco and lived in Cordova, Andalusia between 960 and 1010 A.D. He earned the title of \"the great grammarian\" for unveiling the mystery of the weak verbs. Until Ḥayyūj, difficult words were elucidated by comparative methods (Seʿadia Gaʾon and Yehuda ben Quraish); or were associated to roots, nowadays recognized as triliteral, reduced to two or even one letter (Menaḥem, Dunash and David Alfesi). Prima facie, Ḥayyūj\'s theories emerged from grammar studies that started as a Masorah\'s continuum. However, the present work we show the link between Ḥayyūj and the Masorah, something that was not well explained in in the academic papers checked by the author. For this reason, we expect to fill the gap left in the literature analyzing Ḥayyūj theories vis-à-vis their historical, grammatical and Masoretic contexts. Therefore, we see the way Ḥayyūj revolutionized the grammar at all the levels studied at that time. The present work, discusses how the Biblical Text was transmitted by two parallel channels (written and oral) and by different traditions (Jewish-Babylonian, Tiberian, Andalusian and Israeli). We show how the Masoretic Text is composed by three layers: Consonantal Text, Masoretic signs and Masoretic annotations. We show a triangular model in which Masoretic annotations (qere-ketiv) are at the top in order to harmonize the Consonantal Text and the Masoretic signs. We diachronically analyze, according to the Orthographic Depth Hypothesis – a generative phonology\'s branch – the depth of the script of the Masoretic Text, covering the points of view of both the Tiberian (producer) and the Andalusian schools (consumer). We discuss the affinity between the Masorah, the previous grammar theories and Ḥayyūj theories. We show that Ḥayyūj was the first grammarian that clarified the Masorah, out of the Masoretic circles, who explained the qere-ketiv written in the Masoretic codice\'s margins. We discuss how Ḥayyūj solved contradictions between the Masoretic vowels, the Text Consonantal vowels and the qere-ketiv. More specifically, we discuss how Ḥayyūj\'s theories permeated into orthographic, phonetic, phonological, melismatic and morphological grammar levels. Ḥayyūj showed that in orthographic level, the full and defective forms were equivalent; in the phonetic level, qamats and pataḥ, tseire and segol, and ḥolam and ḥataf-qamats were pairs of equal phones; in the phonological level, qamats differently from pataḥ, tseire differently from segol, and ḥolam differently from ḥataf-qamats were followed by a kind of amorphous archiphoneme inspired in the Masorah and in the Arabic long letters: the sākin layyin; on the melismatic level, the Masoretic vowels had priority over the melismatic signs. In the morphological level, the Hebrew language could be considered within the structural model of Semitic languages. In other words, we show that, based on the sākin layyin, Ḥayyūj abandoned the mental model deep-rooted in his predecessors to develop consistent theories that solved the weak verbs problem and, at the same time, showed the harmony between the Masoretic Text and the Andalusian oral tradition
No Titels
No full textThis study investigates the relations between the Arab tribes that inhabited Palestine and Trans
Jordan during the periods of the Frankish (Crusader) occupation of the Levant, the Ayy bid State and the
Mamluk State. The study reveals the role of these tribes in these relations, on the one hand and the
displacement and mutual movement of the people of these two regions, despite their blood ties, on the other
hand. The importance of this study stems from the fact that its subject has not been thoroughly and clearly
discussed, to the best knowledge of the author of this paper.
Key words: Palestine Trans Jordan Crusaders Arab tribesAbstract: This study investigates the relations between the Arab tribes that inhabited Palestine and Trans
Jordan during the periods of the Frankish (Crusader) occupation of the Levant, the Ayy bid State and the
Mamluk State. The study reveals the role of these tribes in these relations, on the one hand and the
displacement and mutual movement of the people of these two regions, despite their blood ties, on the other
hand. The importance of this study stems from the fact that its subject has not been thoroughly and clearly
discussed, to the best knowledge of the author of this paper.
Key words: Palestine Trans Jordan Crusaders Arab tribesAl-Quds Universit
SOUNDS AND SILENCE IN IBN SI>NA>\u27S RASA>\u27IL AL-MAS#RIQIYYA
No full textIbn Si>na>, 980-1037, author of treatises and epistles on nearly every subject of his time, was versed also in poetry and music. Along other metaphors of his rasa>\u27il al-mas#riqiyya, he used symbolic references related to sounds and silence. The inner spiritual growth is a "path of sounds" (disharmonic and harmonic, reaching silence), similar to s}u>fi> theories. This study is analyzing the metaphor mainly in H}ayy ibn Yaqz|a>n and the Risa>la al-t}ayr, but also in shorter epistles like that on Love, on the Nature of Prayer a.o.. Besides the Aristotelian "materialistic" view on sounds, adopted in Kita>b al-s#ifa\u27 and other medical, logical or psychological texts, a point of view of "Oriental" (Persian, Indian – but also Hebrew) inspiration is emerging here
Weight variability and cardiovascular outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis
No full textThe association between body weight variability and the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) has been investigated previously with mixed findings. However, there has been no extensive study which systematically evaluates the current evidence. Furthermore, the impact of ethnicity and type 2 diabetes on this phenomena has not yet been investigated. Therefore, the aim of this study was to comprehensively evaluate the effect of weight variability on risk of CVD (any cardiovascular (CV) event, composite CV outcome, CV death, Stroke, Myocardial Infarction) and the influence of ethnicity and type 2 diabetes status on the observed association. A systematic review and meta-analysis was performed according to the meta-analyses of observational studies in epidemiology (MOOSE) guidelines. The electronic databases PubMed, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library were searched for studies that investigated the relationship between body weight or BMI variability and CV diseases using Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) terms and keywords. The relative risks (RRs) for the outcomes were collected from studies, pooled, and analysed using a random-effects model to estimate the overall relative risk. Of 5645 articles screened, 23 studies with a total population of 15,382,537 fulfilled the prespecified criteria and were included. Individuals in the highest strata of body weight variability were found to have significantly increased risk of any CV event (RR = 1.27; 95% Confidence Interval (CI) 1.17–1.38; P < 0.0001; I(2) = 97.28%), cardiovascular death (RR = 1.29; 95% CI 1.03–1.60; P < 0.0001; I(2) = 55.16%), myocardial infarction (RR = 1.32; 95% CI 1.09–1.59; P = 0.0037; I(2) = 97.14%), stroke (RR = 1.21; 95% CI 1.19–1.24; P < 0.0001; I(2) = 0.06%), and compound CVD outcomes (RR = 1.36; 95% CI 1.08–1.73; P = 0.01; I(2) = 92.41%). Similar RRs were observed regarding BMI variability and per unit standard deviation (SD) increase in body weight variability. Comparable effects were seen in people with and without diabetes, in White Europeans and Asians. In conclusion, body weight variability is associated with increased risk of CV diseases regardless of ethnicity or diabetes status. Future research is needed to prove a causative link between weight variability and CVD risk, as appropriate interventions to maintain stable weight could positively influence CVD. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12933-022-01735-x
Best practices for differential accessibility analysis in single-cell epigenomics
No full textDifferential accessibility (DA) analysis of single-cell epigenomics data enables the discovery of regulatory programs that establish cell type identity and steer responses to physiological and pathophysiological perturbations. While many statistical methods to identify DA regions have been developed, the principles that determine the performance of these methods remain unclear. As a result, there is no consensus on the most appropriate statistical methods for DA analysis of single-cell epigenomics data. Here, we present a systematic evaluation of statistical methods that have been applied to identify DA regions in single-cell ATAC-seq (scATAC-seq) data. We leverage a compendium of scATAC-seq experiments with matching bulk ATAC-seq or scRNA-seq in order to assess the accuracy, bias, robustness, and scalability of each statistical method. The structure of our experiments also provides the opportunity to define best practices for the analysis of scATAC-seq data beyond DA itself. We leverage this understanding to develop an R package implementing these best practices.
© 2024. The Author(s)
Le Kitāb al-imtāʿ wa al-muʾānasa d' Abu Ḥayyān al-Tawḥīdī (structure et thèmes)
No full textCette thèse consacrée au Kit b al-Imt wa-l-Mu nasa de l écrivain classique Abu ayy n al-Taw ¡d¡ a pour ambition de faire apparaître le caractère encyclopédique de l ouvrage, à travers la complexité de sa structure et la dispersion inéluctable du contenu des thèmes abordés caractéristiques du genre littéraire adopté. Abordant une œuvre de telle nature, elle donne au texte dans sa singularité l importance de la mutaqafa (quête des connaissances) entre intellectuels et autorités de l époque bouyide du IVe/Xe siècle. L étude de l organisation et de la structure des nuits d un ouvrage basé à l origine sur un échange oral prend ici une importance considérable, tout en menant une réflexion sur le nombre des nuits et les erreurs ou oublis commis par les deux éditeurs A mad Am¡n et A mad al-Zayn. Une deuxième partie s attache aux sujets discutés dans le cercle du vizir Ibn Sa d n qui présentent Abu ayy n al-Taw ¡d¡ comme un homme de lettres embrassant une grande partie des sciences de son époque. L étude de ces sujets montre que la préoccupation de l autorité ne se limite pas aux affaires purement politiques. Elle permet de faire une classification des sujets dispersés ici et là afin de mieux saisir l enjeu et la compréhension d un ouvrage si riche, si complexe. Elle offre, enfin, l occasion de lire l ouvrage comme une mise en scène par l auteur. La présence de nombreuses citations traduites justifie le choix du dernier axe de la thèse qui montre le grand intérêt d une future traduction.This thesis dedicated to the Kit b al-Imt wa-l-Mu nasa of the classic writer Abu ayy n al-Taw ¡d¡ has for main goal to point out the encyclopedic characteristics of the work, through the complexity of its structure and the unavoidable dispersion of the content of the themes tackled (complexity and dispersion) caracteristics being both typical of the chosen literary genre. Tackling such a specific work, shows through the singular nature of the text the importance of mutaqafa (the quest for knowledge) between the intellectuals and the IVe/Xe Bouyide era authorities. The study of the organisation and the structure of the nights periods of a work based originally on an oral exchange takes here a considerable importance, while carrying on a reflexion on the number of the nights, the mistakes or the omisions made by both editors A mad Am¡n and t A mad al-Zayn. A second part deals with the subjects discussed among the vizir Sa d n circle and introduces Abu ayy n al-Taw ¡d¡ as a literary man with a knowledge encompassing a large part of the sciences of his epoch. The study of these subjects shows that the preocupation of the authorities was not limited purely to political affairs. It allows the classification of estranged subjects existing here and there in order to understand better the stake and the comprehension of such a rich and complex work. It offers, finally, the opportunity to read the work as a staging of the author. The presence of many translated quotes justifies the choice for the last axis of the thesis which in turn shows the great necessity of a future translation.BORDEAUX3-BU Lettres-Pessac (335222103) / SudocSudocFranceF
al-Misbāh fī al-Nahw By Nāsir al-Dīn al-Mutarrizī al-Nahwī (d. 610/1213) A Critical Edition of the Text with the Life History of the Author
No full textNāsir al-Dīn al-Mutarrizī al-Nahwī (d.610/1213) was one of the most renowned figures in the field of Arabic Grammar. He has left an indelible mark on the world of Arabic language and literature. He is also known as the successor of al-Zamakhsharī.
He wrote a number of books but his al-Misbāh fī al-Nahw gained prominence at a level that no other book in this field could claim to achieve. For this reason, a great number of commentaries have been written in every age, of which the most famous are al-Daw and Khulāsat al-I‘rāb written by Tāj al-Dīn al-Isfrā’īnī and ‘Abd al- Karīm al-Tūsī (better known as Hājjī Bābā) respectively. Moreover, its translation into other languages also demonstrates its value as a useful book.
Although al-Misbāh has been edited on more than one occasion, the published editions do not fulfil the needs and requirements of modern academic research criteria. The basic aim of this thesis is to present this book with a current modern research style so that the students, teachers and ordinary readers of Arabic language and literature may benefit from this work.
This thesis is divided into two parts. The first part deals with the life history of the author and his other works. A brief note of the environment under which he grew up (generally referred to as the ‘Seljuk’ period) is also included in this part.
The second part consists of a text edition that deals with the derivation (Takhrīj) of syntactical issues together with the differing opinions of grammarians on syntactical/grammatical issues. This part also proffers the idiomatic English translation of al-Misbāh
Archaic and Late Layers of Poetics of the Yakut Heroic Epic Olonkho (based on the Material of the Vilyui Expedition of 1938)
No full textThe article is devoted to the study of the historical poetics of the Olonkho Vilyui Yakuts. The relevance of the study is due to the need for an in-depth study of the archaic and late layers of the Yakut heroic epic based on the materials of the Vilyui expedition of 1938, with the help of which it is possible to reveal the specifics of the olonkho of the Vilyui region. The author of the article concludes that the materials of this expedition accurately reflect the peculiarities of the local tradition under consideration. The archaic stratum of olonkho is revealed, which is characterized by a ritual parenthetic song before or after the performance of the epic, the preservation of the mythologeme of the creation of the world, the image of the sacred birch Aar Kuduk Khatyng, a less developed description in the epic beginning. It has been established that the formation of the late layer of olonkho poetics is associated with a number of reasons, including the following: the cumulative nature of the characters’ actions under the influence of a fairy tale; demythologization; replacement of the heroic with everyday life; reflection of the negative consequences of the development of society; the appearance of borrowed words, the names of Russian cities, Christian concepts, images of Russian girls, the fire-breathing Serpent Gorynych, Baba Yaga as a result of close ties with Russians, their culture and worldview; the emergence of a war motive between the aiyy and abaasy tribes as a reflection of the Great Patriotic War; the image of the achievements of technical progress (in particular, the steamer); displacement of images; using the image of a shaman; the introduction of an intermediate layer of images of semi-ayy and semi-baasy
Phasehood of Wh-Questions in Modern Standard Arabic
No full textabstract: Wh-questions have been widely discussed in different languages such as English, Mandarin Chinese, Italian, and Russian, but little attention has been paid to the structure of wh-questions in Modern Standard Arabic (MSA). Thus, this dissertation attempts to analyze the structure of wh-questions using the current frameworks: Minimalism and Cartography.
In the late 1990s, Chomsky established the Minimalist Program which aims to describe the clause structure in as simple and economic mechanism as possible, and he advanced his famous research program to include phase theory, which aims to restrict the syntactic operations. On the other side, Rizzi (1997, 2001) proposed the Cartographic approach. In this approach, Rizzi attempted to analyze the left periphery domain in detail, and suggested the split CP hypothesis. Following those two approaches, Ginsburg (2009) and Totsuka (2015) unified them into one approach and suggested that ForceP, TopicP, and IntP are phasal domain while FocusP, FinP, and WhP are not. An overview of the Chomskyan model and Rizzi’s approach has been provided in Chapter 2. Also, this dissertation discussed the unified approach by Ginsburg (2009) and Totsuka (2015).
In addition to the overview of the general frameworks, this dissertation discussed the clause structure such as the word order, left periphery domain (i.e., CP), and resumption in MSA. Furthermore, Chapter 2 presented the earlier studies on the wh-questions in MSA and highlighted the major gap which this dissertation attempts to fill. In these studies the structure of wh-questions in MSA were mis-analyzed because the surface structure of the nine wh-questions might look the same, but, in fact, they are not. Therefore, this dissertation attempts to (re)study the structure of wh-questions with taking into consideration the resumption and [definiteness].
In Chapter 3, the methodology and corpus analysis, which is used in collecting the wh-questions in MSA, are discussed. Finally, Chapter 4 analyzed the corpus findings based on the unified approach by Ginsburg (2009) and Totsuka (2015) and showed some evidence that man ‘who’ and ayy ‘which’ questions in MSA are in phasal phrase (i.e., IntP) while the rest of wh-questions are not.Dissertation/ThesisDoctoral Dissertation English 201
About Some Informatıon Gıven For The Shıps, The Nıle Rıver And The Nılometer In ?abd Al-Lat?f Albaghd?dı’s Work Whıch Is Tıtled Kıt?b Al-If?dah Wa’l-I?tıb?r
No full textTıp alanı başta olmak üzere Ortaçağ’ın en büyük filozof ve bilim adamları arasında zikredilen Abdüllatîf el-Bağdâdî, 69 yıllık hayatı hummalı bir şekilde ilmî faaliyet ve seyahatler ile geçen bir müelliftir. Doğa tarihi, felsefe, mantık, tarih, matematik, dilbilim, ilâhiyat, fıkıh ve daha birçok alan üzerine te’lif ettiği sayısız kitaplarıyla tanınan âlimin Batı’da ve İslâm dünyasında bilinen en meşhur eseri Kitâb el-İfâde ve’l-İ?tibâr’dır. Eyyûbî hânedanı zamanında Mısır’da 596-598 (1199-1202) yılları arasında ikamet eden Abdüllatîf el-Bağdâdî’nin kaleme aldığı hacim bakımından küçük, fakat muhteva açısından çok zengin olan bu eseri o dönemdeki Mısır’ın coğrafî, topoğrafik, sosyal ve iktisadî durumu hakkında oldukça değerli bilgiler vermektedir. Çalışmada zamanının en büyük entelektüellerinden biri olan müellifin bilimsel esaslara ve müşahedelerine dayalı olarak ağdalı bir lisanla kaleme aldığı mezkûr eserinde gemiler, Nil Nehri ve Ravza Adası’nda tesis edilmiş olan Mikyâsü’n-Nîl [Nilometre] hususunda zikrettiği muhtelif ve enteresan bilgiler ele alınıp değerlendirilecektir.?Abd al-Lat?f al-Baghd?di was an author mentioned among the greatest philosophers and scientists of the Middle Ages particularly in the field of medicine who lived to the age of 69, a lifetime full of scientific activities and travels. Known for his numerous books on natural history, philosophy, logic, history, mathematics, linguistics, theology, fiqh, and many other subjects, the scholar is most famous for his work Kit?b al-If?dah wa’l-I?tib?r in the West and in the Islamic world. This small-in-volume but highly comprehensive-in-content work written by ?Abd al-Lat?f al-Baghd?di, who lived in Egypt between 596-598 (1199-1202) during the Ayy?bid dynasty, gives valuable information about the geographical, topographical, social, and economic situation of Egypt at the time. The present study dwells on and evaluates various interesting information about ships, the Nile River and the Miqy?s al-Nil [the Nilometer] established on Raw?a Island given by the author, one of the most prominent intellectuals of his time, in his said work he wrote using a grandiloquent language and based on scientific principles and his own observations
