445 research outputs found
Response Styles to Positive Affect and Depression: Concurrent and Prospective Associations in a Community Sample
No full textWe examined the concurrent and prospective relations between response styles to positive affect and depression in a community sample. Participants (n = 345) completed self-report measures of current and past depressive episodes, depressive symptoms, anhedonia, and responses to positive affect (including dampening and positive rumination) at two time points, with a 5-month interval. Higher levels of dampening responses to positive affect were related to higher concurrent levels of depressive symptoms. The tendency to positively ruminate on positive affect was negatively related to concurrent anhedonic symptoms. When controlling for current depressive symptomatology, formerly depressed individuals had a higher tendency to dampen positive affect than never-depressed controls, and did not differ from a currently depressed group. Dampening responses did not predict depressive symptoms prospectively, but lower levels of (self-focused) positive rumination did predict higher levels of future anhedonic symptoms. Results indicate that not only currently but also formerly depressed individuals engage in dysfunctional (dampening) strategies in response to positive affect. It is possible that currently as well as formerly depressed individuals might benefit from interventions that are directed at the remediation of disturbed regulation of positive affect. However, our prospective results make clear that more research is needed to examine the precise conditions under which dampening would be a detrimental (and positive rumination a beneficial) response style in the course of depression.sponsorship: This work was supported by a research funding of the Research Foundation-Flanders (FWO; PhD fellowship 2010-2014 to Sabine Nelis and Grant G.0923.12 to Patricia Bijttebier). Emily Holmes is supported by the Medical Research Council (United Kingdom) intramural program [MC-A060-5PR50], a Wellcome Trust Clinical Fellowship [WT088217], and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre Programme. The views expressed are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the NHS, the NIHR or the Department of Health. (Research Foundation-Flanders (FWO)|G.0923.12, Medical Research Council (United Kingdom)|MC-A060-5PR50, Wellcome Trust Clinical Fellowship|WT088217, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre Programme, MRC|MC_UP_0901/1)status: Publishe
Einstein_AmJourPoliSci_2017_mxyQ - Raes - Reproduction (with author data & code) - 214z4
No full textEinstein_AmJourPoliSci_2017_mxyQ - Raes - Reproduction (with author data & code) - 214z4
No full textThe Royal Netherlands Football Association (KNVB) relative age solutions project—part two: an adapted e-Delphi study
No full textIntroductionFollowing the lack of widely implemented interventions to mitigate Relative Age Effects (RAEs) in sports, the Royal Netherlands Football Association (KNVB) called on stakeholders to propose relative age solutions in youth soccer (Part One). This initial study yielded 13 lower-order potential solutions, many of which remain hypothetical. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate these solutions to overcome RAEs in youth soccer using a two-round adapted e-Delphi study.MethodsFifteen international experts, including both researchers and practitioners, rated (out of 9) each solution on how likely it is to directly and indirectly mitigate RAEs (Round 1) and how feasible it is to implement (Round 2).ResultsFindings indicated that “rotating cut-off dates” was perceived as the most effective solution to mitigate direct and indirect RAEs (6.2 ± 1.6), although it was not rated particularly feasible (4.6 ± 2.5). In comparison, while “cueing differences in age” was perceived as the most feasible solution (6.7 ± 2.1), it was deemed less useful for mitigating RAEs (5.2 ± 2.3). Taken together, “cueing differences in age” was considered the most viable solution across both rounds (5.8 ± 2.3).DiscussionInterestingly, highly rated solutions perceived to effectively moderate RAEs were generally expected to be more challenging to implement. Results also showed regular disagreement amongst the international experts, highlighting that creating consensus on possible relative age solutions may be difficult to achieve in youth soccer. Moving forward, the highest rated solutions should be designed, implemented, and evaluated based on their effectiveness and feasibility in practice
Expression of the Inhibitory CD200 Receptor Is Associated with Alternative Macrophage Activation
No full textClassical macrophage activation is inhibited by the CD200 receptor (CD200R). Here, we show that CD200R expression was specifically induced on human in vitro polarized macrophages of the alternatively activated M2a subtype, generated by incubation with IL-4 or IL-13. In mice, peritoneal M2 macrophages, elicited during infection with the parasites Taenia crassiceps or Tryponosoma brucei brucei, expressed increased CD200R levels compared to those derived from uninfected mice. However, in vitro stimulation of mouse peritoneal macrophages and T crassiceps infection in IL-4-/- and IL-4R-/- mice showed that, in contrast to humans, induction of CD200R in mice was not IL-4 or IL-13 dependent. Our data identify CD200R as a suitable marker for alternatively activated macrophages in humans and corroborate observations of distinct species- and/or site-specific mechanisms regulating macrophage polarization in mouse and man. Copyright (C) 2009 S. Karger AG, Base
Relative Age Effects Despite Weight Categories In Elite Junior Male Wrestlers
No full textAims: To evaluate relative age effects (RAEs) in wrestlers at the junior world championships. Methods: Data for wrestling athletes representing 77 different countries that participated in the junior (under 21 years of age) world championships between 2006 and 2014 were collected from a publically available source. RAEs were examined among 807 female freestyle, 1205 male freestyle, and 1202 male Greco-Roman wrestlers. Athletes were sub-categorized by weight class, as medalists, and according to the number of years active in wrestling. The observed frequency of athletes per birth quarter was compared to an even quarterly distribution using χ2 tests. Results: No RAEs were shown for female freestyle wrestlers. For male freestyle wrestlers, RAEs were found for the overall group, the medalists, all but the extra lightweights (under 50/55 kg), and both the least (\u3c5 years active) and moderately (5–7 years active) experienced. For male Greco-Roman wrestlers, RAEs were shown for the overall group, the middle (under 74/84 kg) and heavy weights (under 96/120 kg), and only the moderately experienced (5–7 years active). Conclusions: Despite weight categorization, junior male wrestlers are susceptible to RAEs; however, effects in the lightest and most experienced athletes may be diminished. Differences across weight categories appear to convey different trends between the male freestyle and Greco-Roman athletes. Thus, sporting organizations, training staff, and others interested in the welfare of athletes should consider the potential impact of RAEs in wrestling
The Royal Netherlands Football Association (KNVB) relative age solutions project—part two: an adapted e-Delphi study
No full textIntroduction: Following the lack of widely implemented interventions to mitigate Relative Age Effects (RAEs) in sports, the Royal Netherlands Football Association (KNVB) called on stakeholders to propose relative age solutions in youth soccer (Part One). This initial study yielded 13 lower-order potential solutions, many of which remain hypothetical. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate these solutions to overcome RAEs in youth soccer using a two-round adapted e-Delphi study.
Methods: Fifteen international experts, including both researchers and practitioners, rated (out of 9) each solution on how likely it is to directly and indirectly mitigate RAEs (Round 1) and how feasible it is to implement (Round 2).
Results: Findings indicated that “rotating cut-off dates” was perceived as the most effective solution to mitigate direct and indirect RAEs (6.2 ± 1.6), although it was not rated particularly feasible (4.6 ± 2.5). In comparison, while “cueing differences in age” was perceived as the most feasible solution (6.7 ± 2.1), it was deemed less useful for mitigating RAEs (5.2 ± 2.3). Taken together, “cueing differences in age” was considered the most viable solution across both rounds (5.8 ± 2.3).
Discussion: Interestingly, highly rated solutions perceived to effectively moderate RAEs were generally expected to be more challenging to implement. Results also showed regular disagreement amongst the international experts, highlighting that creating consensus on possible relative age solutions may be difficult to achieve in youth soccer. Moving forward, the highest rated solutions should be designed, implemented, and evaluated based on their effectiveness and feasibility in practice
Relative age effect - A head start for early-born football players
No full textThe aim of this study was to examine relative age effect (RAE) on distinctive variables and age groups in recreational football. Participants (N = 79,249) included male (n = 63,540) and female (n = 15,709) players aged 2 to 12 years. Data were gathered through an official database containing all licensed players in Denmark. Birthdate distributions were split by age category, sex, club size, year group size, and birth quarter (Q1 = January to March, Q4 = October to December). RAEs were calculated using chi-square analysis. Significant RAEs existed in all age categories (except females in U6 and below). The effect was most pronounced at the entry level among both males and females. Club size was not associated with RAEs, but were shown in smaller and midsized year groups, but were absent in larger year groups. The results of this study show that RAEs are present from early sport participation.The aim of this study was to examine relative age effect (RAE) on distinctive variables and age groups in recreational football. Participants (N = 79,249) included male (n = 63,540) and female (n = 15,709) players aged 2 to 12 years. Data were gathered through an official database containing all licensed players in Denmark. Birthdate distributions were split by age category, sex, club size, year group size, and birth quarter (Q1 = January to March, Q4 = October to December). RAEs were calculated using chi-square analysis. Significant RAEs existed in all age categories (except females in U6 and below). The effect was most pronounced at the entry level among both males and females. Club size was not associated with RAEs, but were shown in smaller and midsized year groups, but were absent in larger year groups. The results of this study show that RAEs are present from early sport participation
Relative age effect - A head start for early-born football players
No full textThe aim of this study was to examine relative age effect (RAE) on distinctive variables and age groups in recreational football. Participants (N = 79,249) included male (n = 63,540) and female (n = 15,709) players aged 2 to 12 years. Data were gathered through an official database containing all licensed players in Denmark. Birthdate distributions were split by age category, sex, club size, year group size, and birth quarter (Q1 = January to March, Q4 = October to December). RAEs were calculated using chi-square analysis. Significant RAEs existed in all age categories (except females in U6 and below). The effect was most pronounced at the entry level among both males and females. Club size was not associated with RAEs, but were shown in smaller and midsized year groups, but were absent in larger year groups. The results of this study show that RAEs are present from early sport participation.The aim of this study was to examine relative age effect (RAE) on distinctive variables and age groups in recreational football. Participants (N = 79,249) included male (n = 63,540) and female (n = 15,709) players aged 2 to 12 years. Data were gathered through an official database containing all licensed players in Denmark. Birthdate distributions were split by age category, sex, club size, year group size, and birth quarter (Q1 = January to March, Q4 = October to December). RAEs were calculated using chi-square analysis. Significant RAEs existed in all age categories (except females in U6 and below). The effect was most pronounced at the entry level among both males and females. Club size was not associated with RAEs, but were shown in smaller and midsized year groups, but were absent in larger year groups. The results of this study show that RAEs are present from early sport participation
Player Selection Bias in National Football League Draftees
No full textBeyer, KS, Fukuda, DH, Redd, MJ, Stout, JR, and Hoffman, JR. Player selection bias in National Football League draftees. J Strength Cond Res 30(11): 2965-2971, 2016 - Relative age effects (RAEs) have been studied as a potential factor associated with player selection bias in numerous sports. However, little research has examined the role of RAEs among National Football League (NFL) draftees. The purpose of the current study was to determine the existence of RAEs in NFL draftees from the last 10 NFL drafts. Draftee birth dates were collected and divided into calendar and scholastic quarters (SQ1-SQ4). To determine the presence of RAEs in specific subsets, NFL draftees were grouped according to round drafted, position, level of conference play, and age at the time of the draft. Significant χ 2 tests (p ≤ 0.05) comparing observed birth-date distributions vs. the expected birth-date distribution from the general population were followed up by calculating the standardized residual for each quarter (z \u3e ±2.0 indicating significance). Overall, no RAEs were seen when birth-date distribution was assessed using calendar quarters (p 0.47), but more draftees were born in SQ2 (December-February) than expected (p \u3c 0.01; z +2.2). Significantly more draftees were born in SQ2 than expected for middle-round draftees (p 0.01; z +2.4), skill positions (p 0.03; z +2.3), Power Five college draftees (p \u3c 0.01; z +2.6), and early draftees (p \u3c 0.01; z +3.1). However, reverse RAEs were seen among late draftees, with fewer draftees being born in SQ2 (z -3.6) and more being born in SQ4 (June-August; z +2.6) than expected. In contrast to previous research, the current study observed significant RAEs in NFL draftees from the last 10 years. This player selection bias should be considered when evaluating long-term athlete development models in American football
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