45 research outputs found
Clinicopathological Significance of Autophagy-related Proteins and its Association with Genetic Alterations in Gliomas
No full textModellierung der Teilchenbeschleunigung in Kernkollaps-Supernova-Überresten innerhalb zirkumstellaren windgeblasenen Blasen
No full textSupernova remnants are considered to be the primary sources of galactic cosmic rays. These cosmic rays are assumed to be accelerated by the diffusive shock acceleration mechanism, specifically at shocks in the remnants. Particularly in the core-collapse scenario, these supernova remnant shocks expand inside the wind-blown bubbles structured by massive progenitors during their lifetime. Therefore, the complex environment of wind bubbles can influence the particle acceleration and radiation from the remnants. Further, the evolution of massive stars depends on their Zero Age Main Sequence mass, rotation, and metallicity. Consequently, the structures of the wind bubbles generated during the lifetime of massive stars should be considerably different. Hence, the particle acceleration in the core-collapse supernova remnants should vary, not only from the remnants evolving in the uniform environment but also from one another, depending on their progenitor stars.
A core-collapse supernova remnant with a very massive 60 ⊙ progenitor star has been considered to study the particle acceleration at the shock considering Bohm-like diffusion. This dissertation demonstrates the modification in particle acceleration and radiation while the remnant propagates through different regions of the wind bubble by impacts from the profiles of gas density, the temperature of the bubble and the magnetic field structure. Subsequently, in this thesis, I discuss the impacts of the non-identical ambient environment of core-collapse supernova remnants on particle spectra and the non-thermal emissions, considering 20 ⊙ and 60 ⊙ massive progenitors having different evolutionary tracks. Additionally, I also analyse the effect of cosmic ray streaming instabilities on particle spectra.
To model the particle acceleration in the remnants, I have performed simulations in one-dimensional spherical symmetry using RATPaC code. The transport equation for cosmic rays and magnetic turbulence in test-particle approximation, along with the induction equation for the evolution of the large-scale magnetic field, have been solved simultaneously with the hydrodynamic equations for the expansion of remnants inside the pre-supernova circumstellar medium.
The results from simulations describe that the spectra of accelerated particles in supernova remnants are regulated by density fluctuations, temperature variations, the large-scale magnetic field configuration and scattering turbulence. Although the diffusive shock acceleration mechanism at supernova remnant shock predicts the spectral index of 2 for the accelerated non-thermal particles, I have obtained the particle spectra that deviate from this prediction, in the core-collapse scenario. I have found that the particle spectral index reaches 2.5 for the supernova remnant with 60 ⊙ progenitor when the remnant resides inside the shocked wind region of the wind bubble, and this softness persists at later evolutionary stages even with Bohm-like diffusion for accelerated particles. However, the supernova remnant with 20 ⊙ progenitor does not demonstrate persistent softness in particle spectra from the influence of the hydrodynamics of the corresponding wind bubble. At later stages of evolution, the particle spectra illustrate softness at higher energies for both remnants as the consequence of the escape of high-energy particles from the remnants while considering the cosmic ray streaming instabilities. Finally, I have probed the emission morphology of remnants that varies depending on the progenitors, particularly in earlier evolutionary stages. This dissertation provides insight into different core-collapse remnants expanding inside wind bubbles, for instance, the calculated gamma-ray spectral index from the supernova remnant with 60 ⊙ progenitor at later evolutionary stages is consistent with that of the observed supernova remnants expanding in dense molecular clouds.Supernova-Überreste gelten als die Hauptquellen der galaktischen kosmischen Strahlung. Diese kosmische Strahlung wird vermutlich durch den Mechanismus der diffusiven Schockbeschleunigung beschleunigt, insbesondere durch Schocks in den Überresten. Insbesondere im Szenario des Kernkollapses werden diese Supernova-Überreste innerhalb der windgeblasenen Blasen aus, die von massiven Progenitoren während ihrer Lebenszeit. Daher kann die komplexe Umgebung der Windblasen die Teilchenbeschleunigung und die Strahlung der Überreste beeinflussen. Außerdem hängt die Entwicklung von massereichen Sternen von ihrer Masse, Rotation und Metallizität in der Nullzeit der Hauptreihe ab. Folglich sollten die Strukturen der Windblasen, die während der Lebensdauer massereicher Sterne erzeugt werden, sehr unterschiedlich sein. Folglich sollte die Teilchenbeschleunigung in den Kernkollaps Supernovaüberresten nicht nur von den Überresten unterscheiden, die sich in einer einheitlichen Umgebung, sondern auch voneinander, je nach ihren Vorgängersternen.
Ein Kernkollaps-Supernova-Überrest mit einem sehr massereichen 60 ⊙ Vorläuferstern wurde betrachtet, um die Teilchenbeschleunigung am Schock unter Berücksichtigung der Bohm-ähnlichen Diffusion zu untersuchen. Diese Dissertation zeigt die Veränderung der Teilchenbeschleunigung und der Strahlung, während sich der Überrest durch verschiedene Regionen der Windblase ausbreitet, anhand der Profile der Gasdichte, der Temperatur der Blase und der Magnetfeldstruktur. Anschließend diskutiere ich in dieser Arbeit die Auswirkungen der nicht-identischen Umgebung von Supernova-Überresten auf die Teilchenspektren und die nicht-thermischen Emissionen unter Berücksichtigung von 20 ⊙ und 60 ⊙ massiven Vorläufern mit unterschiedlichen Entwicklungspfaden. Darüber hinaus analysiere ich auch die Auswirkungen von Instabilitäten der kosmischen Strahlung auf die Teilchenspektren.
Um die Teilchenbeschleunigung in den Überresten zu modellieren, habe ich Simulationen in eindimensionaler dimensionalen sphärischen Symmetrie mit dem RATPaC-Code durchgeführt. Die Transportgleichung für kosmische Strahlung und die magnetische Turbulenz in der Testteilchen-Näherung, zusammen mit der Induktionsgleichung Induktionsgleichung für die Entwicklung des großräumigen Magnetfeldes, wurden gleichzeitig mit den hydro-dynamischen Gleichungen für die Expansion der Überreste im zirkumstellaren Medium vor der Supernova zirkumstellaren Mediums gelöst.
Die Ergebnisse der Simulationen beschreiben, dass die Spektren der beschleunigten Teilchen in Supernovaüberresten durch Dichtefluktuationen, Temperaturschwankungen, die großräumige Magnetfeldkonfiguration und Streuturbulenzen reguliert werden. Obwohl der Mechanismus der diffusiven Schockbeschleunigung im Supernova-Überrest einen Spektralindex von 2 für die beschleunigten nicht-thermischen Teilchen vorhersagt, habe ich im Szenario des Kernkollapses Teilchenspektren erhalten, die von dieser Vorhersage abweichen. Ich habe herausgefunden, dass der Spektralindex der Teilchen für den Supernova-Überrest mit einem 60 ⊙ Vorläufer 2,5 erreicht, wenn sich der Überrest in der geschockten Windregion der Windblase befindet, und diese Schwäche bleibt auch in späteren Entwicklungsstadien bestehen, selbst bei einer Bohm-ähnlichen Diffusion für beschleunigte Teilchen. Der Supernova-Überrest mit 20 ⊙ Vorläufer zeigt jedoch keine anhaltende Weichheit in Teilchenspektren durch den Einfluss der Hydrodynamik der entsprechenden Windblase. In späteren Entwicklungsstadien zeigen die Teilchenspektren für beide Überreste eine Weichheit bei höheren Energien als Folge des Entweichens hochenergetischer Teilchen aus den Überresten unter Berücksichtigung der Instabilitäten des kosmischen Strahlenstroms. Schließlich habe ich die Emissionsmorphologie der Überreste untersucht, die je nach den Vorläufern variiert, insbesondere in früheren Entwicklungsstadien. Diese Dissertation gibt Aufschluss über verschiedene Kernkollapsüberreste, die sich in Windblasen ausdehnen. So stimmt beispielsweise der berechnete Gammastrahlen-Spektralindex des Supernova-Überrests mit 60 ⊙ Vorläufer in späteren Entwicklungsstadien mit dem der beobachteten Supernova-Überreste überein, die sich in dichten Molekülwolken ausdehnen
Progressive recruitment of distal MEC-4 channels determines touch response strength in C. elegans
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Tankandiraŋ Maasibo Duwaa: Prayers against Misfortune
No full textThe entire manuscript is available for download as a PDF file(s). Higher-resolution images may be available upon request. For technical assistance, please contact [email protected]. Fieldwork Team: Dr. Fallou Ngom (Pricipal Investigator; Director, African Studies Center), Ablaye Diakité (Local Project Manager), Mr. Ibrahima Yaffa (General Field Facilitator), and Ibrahima Ngom (photographer). Technical Team: Professor Fallou Ngom (Principal Investigator; Project Director and former Director of the African Studies Center at Boston University)), and Eleni Castro (Technical Lead, BU Libraries). This collection of Mandinka Ajami materials is copied as part of the African Studies Center’s African Ajami Library. This is a joint project between BU and the West African Research Center (WARC), funded by the British Library/Arcadia Endangered Archives Programme. Access Condition and Copyright: These materials are subject to copyright and are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 License, which permits non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are fully cited using the information below. For use, distribution or reproduction beyond these terms, contact Professor Fallou Ngom ([email protected]). Citation: Materials in this web edition should be cited as: Ngom, Fallou, Castro, Eleni, & Diakité, Ablaye. (2018). African Ajami Library: EAP 1042. Digital Preservation of Mandinka Ajami Materials of Casamance, Senegal. Boston: Boston University Libraries: http://hdl.handle.net/2144/27112. For Inquiries: please contact Professor Fallou Ngom ([email protected]). For technical assistance, please contact [email protected] / Custodial history: The owner inherited it from his father after his death.The manuscript is an original copy written in classical Arabic dealing with tawḥīd (oneness of God). It includes prayers to thwart disaster and misfortune. The manuscript was written by Malick Samate, the owner’s grandfather
Production of secondary particles in heavy nuclei interactions in supernova remnants
No full textDepending on their type, supernova remnants may have ejecta material with high abundance of heavy elements such as carbon or oxygen. In addition, core-collapse supernovae explode in the wind material of their progenitor star that may also have a high abundance of heavy elements. Hadronic collisions in these enriched media spawn the production of gamma rays, neutrinos, and secondary electrons with spectra that cannot be scaled from those calculated for pp collisions, potentially leading to erroneous results. We used Monte-Carlo event generators to calculate the differential production rate of particles such as gamma rays, neutrinos, and secondary electrons for H, He, C, and O nuclei as projectiles and as target material. The cross sections and the multiplicity spectra are separately computed for each of the 16 combinations of projectile and target. We describe characteristic effects of heavy nuclei in the shape and normalization of the spectra of the various particles produce
Particle acceleration, escape, and non-thermal emission from core-collapse supernovae inside non-identical wind-blown bubbles
No full textContext. In the core-collapse scenario, supernova remnants (SNRs) evolve inside complex wind-blown bubbles structured by massive progenitors during their lifetime. Therefore, particle acceleration and the emissions from these SNRs can carry the fingerprints of the evolutionary sequences of the progenitor stars.
Aims. We investigate the impact of the ambient environment of core-collapse SNRs on particle spectra and emissions for two progenitors with different evolutionary tracks while accounting for the spatial transport of cosmic rays (CRs) and the magnetic turbulence that scatters CRs.
Methods. We used the RATPaC code to model the particle acceleration at the SNRs with progenitors having zero-age main sequence (ZAMS) masses of 20 M⊙ and 60 M⊙. We constructed the pre-supernova circumstellar medium (CSM) by solving the hydrodynamic equations for the lifetime of the progenitor stars. Then, the transport equation for cosmic rays, the magnetic turbulence in test-particle approximation, and the induction equation for the evolution of a large-scale magnetic field were solved simultaneously with the hydro-dynamic equations for the expansion of SNRs inside the pre-supernova CSM in 1-D spherical symmetry.
Results. The profiles of gas density and temperature of the wind bubbles along with the magnetic field and the scattering turbulence regulate the spectra of accelerated particles for both of the SNRs. For the 60 M⊙ progenitor, the spectral index reaches 2.4, even below 10 GeV, during the propagation of the SNR shock inside the hot shocked wind. In contrast, we did not observe a persistent soft spectra at earlier evolutionary stages of the SNR with the 20 M⊙ progenitor, for which the spectral index becomes 2.2 only for a brief period during the interaction of SNR shock with the dense shell of red supergiant (RSG) wind material. At later stages of evolution, the spectra become soft above ~10 GeV for both SNRs, as weak driving of turbulence permits the escape of high-energy particles from the remnants. The emission morphology of the SNRs strongly depends on the type of progenitors. For instance, the radio morphology of the SNR with the 20 M⊙ progenitor is centre-filled at early stages, whereas that of the more massive progenitor is shell-like
Dynamics of Site Selectivity in Dissociative Electron Attachment in Aromatic Molecules
No full textDissociative electron attachment has shown site selectivity in aliphatic molecules based on the functional groups present in them. This selectivity arises from the core excited resonances that have excited parent states localized to a specific site of the functional group. Here, we show that such site selectivity is also observed in the amine group when present in aromatic molecules. However, the proximity of the aromatic ring to the functional group under investigation has a substantial effect on the dissociation dynamics. This effect is evident in the momentum distribution of the hydride ions generated from the amine group. Our results unravel the hitherto unknown facets of the site selectivity in aromatic organic molecules
Particle acceleration, escape and non-thermal emission from core-collapse supernovae inside non-identical wind-blown bubbles
No full textIn the core-collapse scenario, the supernova remnants evolve inside the complex wind-blown bubbles, structured by massive progenitors during their lifetime. Therefore, particle acceleration and the emissions from these SNRs can carry the fingerprints of the evolutionary sequences of the progenitor stars. We time-dependently investigate the impact of the ambient environment of core-collapse SNRs on particle spectra and the emissions. We use the RATPaC code to model the particle acceleration at the SNRs with progenitors having ZAMS masses of 20 Msol and 60 Msol. We have constructed the pre-supernova circumstellar medium by solving the hydrodynamic equations for the lifetime of the progenitor stars. Then, the transport equation for cosmic rays, and magnetic turbulence in test-particle approximation along with the induction equation for the evolution of large-scale magnetic field have been solved simultaneously with the hydrodynamic equations for the expansion of SNRs inside the pre-supernova CSM. The structure of the wind bubbles along with the magnetic field and the scattering turbulence regulate the spectra of accelerated particles for both SNRs. For the 60 Msol progenitor the spectral index reaches 2.4 even below 10 GeV during the propagation of the SNR shock inside the hot shocked wind. In contrast, we have not observed persistent soft spectra at earlier evolutionary stages of the SNR with 20 Msol progenitor, for which the spectral index becomes 2.2 only for a brief period. Later, the spectra become soft above ~10 GeV for both SNRs, as weak driving of turbulence permits the escape of high-energy particles from the remnants. The emission morphology of the SNRs strongly depends on the type of progenitors. For instance, the radio morphology of the SNR with 20 Msol progenitor is centre-filled at early stages whereas that for the more massive progenitor is shell-like
Particle acceleration at, and gamma-ray emission from supernova remnants in chemically enriched media
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