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PANDANGAN MUHAMMAD HUSEIN THABATHABA’I TENTANG NIKAH MUT’AH DALAM TAFSIR AL-MĪZAN
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Kehidupan manusia tidak terlepas dari berbagai persoalan, baik secara individual
maupun kelompok. Problema yang sangat memprihatinkan dan menghancurkan adalah
masalah hawa nafsu. Jika seseorang tidak mampu mengendalikan hawa nafsunya, maka
sifat kemanusiaan akan lari dari dirinya. Muncullah sifat zalim, tamak, kikir dan yang lebih
berbahaya lagi perbuatan seks.
Seks merupakan salah satu unsur yang terdapat dalam nafsu manusia, dan dapat
menimbulkan kemaksiatan dalam masyarakat. Perbuatan seks disini yang dimaksud
adalah dorongan untuk melakukan hubungan lawan jenis antara laki-laki dan perempuan.
Problema seksual merupakan sebuah realita yang betul-betul terjadi. Setiap orang tidak
boleh menganggap engteng terhadap bahayanya.
Pernikahan merupakan solusi konkrit dalam mengatasi persoalan pergaulan
bebas (free seks), demi untuk menyelamatkan generasi penerus. Kehidupan manusia
yang membutuhkan lawan jenisnya merupakan ketentuan Allah Swt karena Dia telah
menjadikan segala sesuatu berpasangan, laki-laki dan perempuan, baik dari jenis
manusia, hewan, tumbuh-tumbuhan dan lain sebagainya. Salah satu bentuk pernikahan
yang ada dalam Islam adalah nikah mut’ah. Sejalan dengan perkembangan zaman nikah
mut’ah mengalami perdebatan yang panjang di kalangan ulama Sunni Syi’a. perdebatan
yang tidak menemukan kesepakatan ini menimbulkan problema serius bukan saja di dunia
Islam secara umum juga di Indonesia secara khusus. Perkembangan di Indonesia bukan
saja nikah mut’ah juga berkembang dengan nama kawin kontrak yang pada dasarnya
adalah sama.
Berbagai pandangan fuqaha, mufassir dan ulama tentang nikah mut’ah ini yang
patut kita ketahui dan cermati. Sehingga kita benar-benar memahami posisi nikah mut’ah
dipandang dari berbagai aspek. Sumber-sumber yang penulis baca adakalanya posisi
nikah mut’ah dijadikan sebagai ibadah yang harus dilakukan dan disisi lain nikah mut’ah
disebut sebagai pembawa mala petaka bagi generasi Islam berikutnya. Setelah penulis
telusuri beberapa penelitian yang penulis temui diantaranya : “ Penelitian yang mengkaji
nikah mut’ah baik dari segi kualitas hadits, penelitian tentang tawaran nikah mut’ah
sebagai alternatif mencegah pergaulan bebas (Free seks), dan penelitian tentang nikah
mut’ah dalam sudut pandang filsapat sosial.
Di dalam aliran Syi’ah terdapat perbedaan pendapat tentang nikah mut’ah,
diantaranya : Sayyid Husein al Musawwi, setelah melihat realita yang ada dalam kurun
waktu yang begitu lama bahkan Sayyid Husein al Musawwi sudah termasuk menjadi tokoh
Syi’ah. Dalam beberapa ajaran Syi’ah Ia sangat tidak sependapat, diantaranya nikah
mut’ah. Tokoh yang lain Murthadha Muthahhari, dalam beberapa tulisannya menyebutkan nikah mut’ah tidak ada batasannya sementara Thaba’thaba’i membatasi hanya boleh tiga
kali.
Dari ketiga tohoh Syi’ah di atas maka penulis tertarik untuk mengkaji kembali persoalan
nikah mut’ah dari sisi pemikiran salah satu tokoh Syi’ah yang terdapat dalam tafsir al
Mīzā
n. Karya tafsir yang dihasilkan oleh seorang tokoh mufassir Syi’ah yang bernama
Muhammad Husein Thabathaba’i. Adapun tema yang akan penulis bahas adalah
“Pandangan Muhammad Husein Thaba’thaba’i tentang Nikah Mut’ah dalam Tafsir al
Mizan”. Muhammad Husein Thabathaba’i adalah seorang mufassir dari golongan Syi’ah
yang memiliki keilmuan yang tinggi, selain dalam bidang tafsir ia juga ahli dalam bidang
filsafat, sejarah, akhlak, sastra, seni, hadits, teologi dan sosial kemasyarakatan. Tafsir al
Mizan merupakan karya terbesar Muhammad Husein Thaba’thaba’i. Menurut Muhammad
Husein Thaba’thaba’i Q.S al-Nisa’ (4) : 24 adalah dasar dihalalkan nikah mut’ah,
sementara Sayyid Husein al Musawwi tidak sependapat dan akhirnya Ia keluar dari Syi’ah.
Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan sosiologis historis yaitu data yang berupa
ayat ditafsirkan dengan pendekatan sejarah berkenaan dengan sosio kultural masyarakat.
Penelitian ini terutama akan menggunakan metode analisis derkriptif yaitu pemaparan apa
adanya terhadap apa yang dimaksud oleh suatu teks.
Adapun naskh dengan seluruh ayat-ayat itu seperti warisan, thalak, iddah,
poligami, maka padanya terdapat bahwa naskh antaranya dan antar ayat mut’ah tidak ada
hubungannya dengan ayat nasakh mansukh, tetapi hububungan umum dan khusus atau
mutlaq dan muqayyad.
Mencermati pembahasan dalam tesis ini terkhusus analisis terhadap nikah mut’ah
dalam pandangan Thabathaba’i yang terdapat dalam tafsir al-Mīzān, maka dapat diambil
kesimpulan :Tafsir al-Mīzān merupakan karya terbesar Thabathaba’i, disampaing karya
karya lain dalam berbagai bidan keilmuan, nikah mut’ah dalam Syi’ah tidak di akui oleh
beberapa tokoh nya dan menyatakan nikah mut’ah ajaran yang telah di haramkan sampai
hari kiamat. ulama sepakat bahwa nikah mut’ah pernah diizinkan pada masa Rasulullah
saw, penulis tidak sepakat dengan Thaba’thaba’i bahwa al-Quran surat al-Nisa’ (4) : 24
adalah bukan dasar nikah mut’ah, karena tidaklah mungkin Rasul melarang suatu
perbuatan tanpa ada sementara Allah Swt mengizinkan dalam waktu bersamaan yaitu
pada saat perang Khaibar, ketika orang Syi’ah menyatakan hubungan nikah mut’ah
dengan free seks saat ini, maka tidak ada hubungannya walapun nikah mut’ah dihalalkan,
free seks pasti tetap berkembang
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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