277 research outputs found
Franz Janowitz as intellectual follower of Otto Weininger
No full textFranz Janowitz je autorem skici s názvem "Die Biene". Tento krátký alegorický text sice používá metaforu včely, v té době již tradiční, netradičně ji ovšem přenáší do oblasti podstaty sexuality ženského pohlaví, čímž metafora nabývá oproti obvyklé pozitivní konotaci konotaci negativní. Autor prostřednictvím této dekontextualizace zdánlivě pojednává o životě včel, ve skutečnosti se ale zabývá ženskou sexualitou v duchu filozofie Otty Weiningera, jíž byl prokazatelně ovlivněn.Franz Janowitz is the author of the study "Die Biene". This short allegorical text uses the metaphor of the bee, traditional for the time. This metaphor, however, is utilized in a non-traditional way to express the essence of female sexuality. Thus the original positive denotation is changed into a negative one. By way of this de-contextualisation, the author refers seemingly to the lives of bees. In fact, he focuses on female sexuality, influenced by the philosophical approach of Otto Weininger
Janowitz i Turkiet : En kvalitativ fallstudie om turkiets civil-militära relationer och risken för militär intervention.
No full textTurkiet är, givet dess geografiska position samt storleken på sin militärmakt (TAF), en central Nato-medlem. Landet har dock under stora delar av dess historia haft problem med att få civil kontroll över TAF. Detta har resulterat i återkommande militära interventioner med perioder av direkt eller indirekt militärt styre. När Rättvise och utvecklingspartiet (AKP) år 2002 kom till makten spåddes Turkiet gå en mer demokratisk framtid till mötes. Detta då ett närmande till EU, med målet om ett turkiskt EU-medlemskap, stod högst på agendan. Men hur kom de turkiska civil-militära relationerna egentligen att utvecklas och vad är statusen på dessa idag? Har den civil-militära utvecklingen gjort att risken för en militär intervention nedgått? Med dessa frågor som fond syftar denna studie till att utöka förståelsen för hur AKP:s första 18-år vid makten har påverkat de turkiska civil-militära relationerna för att därigenom, med fokus på TAF:s organisatoriska och sociala struktur, bedöma hur detta i sin tur påverkat risken för en militär intervention i den inhemska politiken. Studien, vilken nyttjar Janowitz teori om nya nationer, kommer fram till att Turkiets civil-militära relationer successivt utvecklats från att ha haft många likheter med idealtypen demokratiskt konkurrerande till att gradvis närma sig auktoritär en-partikontroll, vilket är den idealtyp som dominerar vid studiens tidsmässiga slutpunkt, år 2020. I takt med den civil-militära utvecklingen har den civila kontrollen över TAF stärkts avsevärt. Detta har inneburit att TAF:s organisatoriska och sociala struktur förändrats i grunden vilket gjort att risken för en militär intervention gått från att inledningsvis varit hög till att vid tiden för studiens slutskede bedömas som låg
Os militares como sujeitos "quase étnicos" nos sistemas democráticos (Soldiers as quasi-ethnic subjects in democratic systems)
No full textO fim da Guerra Fria teve um impacto profundo sobre nossa compreensão do desenvolvimento sociopolítico. Importantes conteúdos identitários – etnia, religião, língua e mesmo história comum – substituíram a divisão ideológica dicotômica que caracterizou o período. Axiomas das ciências sociais daquele período entraram em colapso, juntamente com os principais sistemas políticos do “Bloco Oriental”.³ Assim, cultura, identidade e etnia passaram a dominar, cada vez mais, a nossa compreensão do comportamento político. Esses são conceitos extraordinariamente complexos e escorregadios,⁴ e todos fazem parte de um novo período de nacionalismo e secessão nacional (Smith, 1981, p.18), que ultrapassou a política internacional. Conceitos como “etnopolítica”, com sua dinâmica e “regras”, têm, cada vez mais, dominado a política das nações democráticas, desafiando as identidades nacionais antes estabelecidas. Em tais países, o setor militar invariavelmente é atraído para o interior da etnopolítica, incrementando ainda mais sua insularidade, enquanto competências avançadas se combinam com a sua missão central, de proteger e preservar a nação. E isso acontece mesmo quando essa nação, por causa da profunda divisão interna, é de difícil identificação. Como Alfred de Vigny argumentou em seu clássico do século XIX, Servitude et grandeur militaires, “O exército é uma nação dentro de uma nação”.⁵ Morris Janowitz pôs a mesma ideia em termos mais precisos: “A profissão militar é mais do que uma ocupação; é todo um estilo de vida completo. O oficial faz parte de uma comunidade cujas exigências sobre sua existência diária transcendem seus deveres oficiais...” (1967, p.175).
Private sector approaches to effective family planning
No full textEven if per-user costs are controlled or reduced, the rising demand for family planning services will far outstrip governments'and donors'financial resources in most parts of the developing world. This"resource gap"lies at the heart of donor-sponsored initiatives to involve the private sector in family planning, but there are other equally good arguments for doing so. Governments and donors are often unaware of how much the private sector (especially the commerical sector) already participates - and could participate - in family planning. The author discusses why the private sector should be involved in planning, how the private sector should be defined, what the experience has been so far with private sector involvement, and what might be expected in the future. To support family planning in the private sector, the author recommends that donors: (1) expand the total family planning market to help satisfy existing and future unmet needs for contraception; and (2) shift current users from subsidized to more nearly self-supporting outlets - without compromising coverage, equity, or quality of care. The kinds of private sector activities that donors should support depend in part on which contraceptive methods are to be emphasized. Nonclinical systems, for example, are the most efficient way to distribute supply methods (for example, oral contraceptives and condoms), as long as medical backup is available for women who suffer side effects or who wish to switch to another method. These systems of distribution free up scarce resources in clinical facilities and the time of limited medical personnel for the resupply of contraceptives. However, if sterilization is to be emphasized, a close link with existing hospital infrastructure is necessary. Nonclinical distribution favors commercial systems in urban and periurban settings and community-based distribution systems (either public or private) where commercial networks break down. Price subsidies might be considered in areas served by commercial systems, but where consumers cannot afford prevailing commercial prices. The author discusses a wide range of experiences in providing both"supply"methods and clinical methods, such as sterilization (including tubal ligation). Roving sterilization camps have proved effective in Nepal and Thailand, for example, where demand for the procedure was high; they may have backfired in other areas, such as India. Mobile clinic vans have been tried in such countries as Colombia andGuatemala, but their effectiveness and cost-efficiency have not been carefully analyzed. Among the topics the author covers: when to subsidize goods and services, when to introduce new subsidized nongovernmental organization outlets, which regulations may inhibit the expansion of private family planning efforts, how to foster demand for private sector family planning goods and services, and how to promote the private supply of such goods and services.Health Monitoring&Evaluation,Agricultural Knowledge&Information Systems,Health Economics&Finance,Gender and Health,Adolescent Health
The economic impact of military expenditures
No full textThe author addresses three questions about military spending in developing countries: What are the levels of (and trends in) military spending as a percentage of gross national product? What impact does peacetime military spending have on growth, government spending on social welfare and infrastructure, and other key economic variables? What major factors influence the level of military spending? The author finds that military spending as a share of GNP generally fell in the 1980s, even in the Middle East and North Africa. The mean level of military expenditure as a share of GNP (MES) was 3.9 percent, well below the peak of 5.3 percent in 1976. In 1989, MES averaged only 2.7 percent in Latin America and 2.0 percent in sub-Saharan Africa - the two regions with the most severe economic problems. He finds no evidence of a negative relationship between military spending as a share of GNP and the peacetime growth rate of developing countries - except where military spending is high. He finds that higher shares of MES are not associated with lower shares of government spending on education, health, and infrastructure. As MES increases, government spending as a share of GNP increases, which allows the level of spending on health, education, and infrastructure to be maintained. The author finds some evidence that increased military spending in the developing countries has a weak negative impact on investment and the balance of trade. He finds no evidence of a statistically significant relationship between military spending and inflation. The most important determinant of peacetime military spending is the spending level of neighboring countries - in other words, the potential external threat. Regional conciliation and disarmament may be an important step toward reduced military spending.Achieving Shared Growth,Economic Growth,Peace&Peacekeeping,Health Monitoring&Evaluation,Economic Theory&Research
Near bottom dinoflagellate populations on the northwest Florida Shelf.
No full textGRABOWSKI, KATHRYN EVE. Near bottom dinoflagellate populations on the northwest Florida Shelf. (Under the direction of Dr. Daniel Kamykowski)
The toxic dinoflagellate Karenia brevis is most commonly sought near the sea surface 18-74 km from shore due to the historical occurrence of bloom events. Hydrographic conditions on the west Florida shelf alternate between two seasonal conditions. From November through April, the water column generally is well-mixed to the bottom with an offshore gradient of colder, less saline inshore temperatures to warmer, more saline offshore temperatures. From May through October, vertical stratification exists across the shelf. Phytoplankton succession models suggest that diatoms may be favored near-bottom at least early in the succession sequence where the euphotic zone reaches the sediments, while dinoflagellates, using vertical migration to transit between the nutrient-rich sediments to the base of the euphotic zone, may be favored near-bottom as the sediments descend below the euphotic zone. Field and laboratory observations as well as computer models focused on Karenia brevis suggest that seed populations for coastal blooms under upwelling favorable conditions may exist near the sediment interface after water column stratification sets in and the sediments contain higher nutrient levels than the water column. Cruises during July 2009 and October 2008 provide a seasonal sequence of the cross-shelf expression of the summer/fall condition on the northwest Florida shelf. Transects between the 20-70m depth contours were sampled for hydrographic character using ACROBAT and CTD
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surveys and for nutrients, pigments and phytoplankton composition using CTD/rosette water collections. Water samples collected from selected depths including near the sediment interface were analyzed on the FlowCAM for phytoplankton community composition. During July 2009 cross-shelf, a pycnocline existed between 10-20 m depth, the 1% light level reached to about 45 m depth, nitrate-nitrite concentrations started increasing about 10 m above the sediment interface out to 50 m depth and then increased below 40m depth across the rest of the outer shelf, and a chlorophyll a maximum occurred between 20-30 m depth. Near-bottom, dinoflagellates were 2-8 times more abundant than diatoms everywhere on the shelf, especially between 35-55m, except at one 20 m station. Time series samples, collected along the 50 m contour following a drogue with a holey sock extending between 28-40 m, suggest trends of a dinoflagellate distribution pattern suggestive of diel vertical migration. Dinoflagellates clearly dominated the near-bottom water over diatoms across the shelf probably due to late succession influences like selective grazing on diatoms and microphytobenthos activity inshore as well as increased hydrographic influences. Dinoflagellates found near bottom also have the migration capability to access vertically separated light and nutrient resources offshore. The October 2008 cruise results provide insight into changes in physical, chemical and biological changes and phytoplankton succession patterns associated with the transition from horizontal stratification to well-mixed water columns that form a cross-shelf hydrographic gradient. A wind event between successive transects during the October cruise showed how disturbance events can influence near bottom phytoplankton distributions. Before the wind event the distribution of near bottom phytoplankton was highly structured and after the distribution of near bottom
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phytoplankton was more evenly distributed along the bottom. This wind event served as the transition between seasonal succession cycles of near bottom phytoplankton populations. Such near-bottom populations may serve as seed possible near-shore dinoflagellate blooms, responding to upwelling favorable winds and behavioral accumulation at coastal fronts. The October 2008 cruise results provide insight into changes in physical, chemical and biological changes and phytoplankton succession patterns associated with the seasonal transition from horizontal stratification in the summertime to well-mixed water columns that form a cross-shelf hydrographic gradient in the wintertime, promoting succession changes
The Rhetoric of Translation: Three Early Perspectives on Translating Torah
No full textThree of the earliest extant Jewish exegetes, Aristobulus, Aristeas, and Philo, all state that King Ptolemy was responsible for a Greek translation of the Hebrew sacred writings. Scholarly discussion has focused on finding the historical kernel in these stories, or linking their creation to a particular event such as the official promulgation of an original or corrected Greek translation. The Letter of Aristeas is usually considered the most accurate version, in large part because it later was used as an introduction to the Septuagint. These discussions have overlooked the fact that in each case the basic plot is fine-tuned to suit each exegete's own ideas about how the Torah was written, how the text and its translation should be read and interpreted, and by whom. A comparison of the three versions reveals that each writer embellishes this bare-bones plot in a distinct manner. In particular, “historical” details are created by each writer that support the very exegetical endeavor he is undertaking. The story of the translation becomes a vehicle for creating all the components necessary to justify the exegete's role, from the creation of a unitary “Torah” out of the multiplicity of versions and stories to the motivation for the particular interpretative moves “demanded” by the very qualities of this Torah. Comparing the three stories gives us valuable insights into the self-perceptions of the exegetes and the emergence of what will become a standard model of text-author-exegete in Judaism.</jats:p
K. Brevis Cells - Swimming Speeds and Internal Cellular States Over a Range of Temperatures and Light Intensities
No full textKarenia brevis is an autotrophic dinoflagellate responsible for many harmful algae bloom (HAB) events in the Gulf of Mexico. Behavior is an integral part of the life history of K. brevis, and swimming data is used in modeling bloom events. In this study, three strains of K. brevis, Apalachicola (APA), Manasota (MAN), and Jacksonville (JAX), are examined under a range of light intensities and temperatures that correspond to the viable range of the organism.
In Part I, cell swimming speed is examined over a temperature range from 13∞C - 30∞C and swimming speed is examined with respect to an increasing stimulus light to consider the immediate effect of increasing light on swimming speed. Swimming speed remains fairly constant over all temperatures but the coldest. While examined under increasing light, swimming speed tends to increase. The increase in swimming speed with increases in light is similar to the response of Gyrodinium dorsum, but the increase in speed with Karenia brevis is only observable after increases in light intensity.
In Part II, Electron Transfer Rate (ETR) and photosynthetic yield are examined for cultures acclimated to different temperatures. The two strains have opposite trends, APA has higher ETR at higher temperatures and MAN has higher ETR at lower temperatures. In another experiment, in order to examine the relationship between swimming capabilities, light exposure, and the cell's internal physiological state, swimming speed (measured with red light), photosynthetic yield, ETR, Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) concentration, and neutral lipid content are examined after 6 h incubations at 10 light intensities in the radial photosynthetron. ETR increases as light increases from low to higher light and swimming speed decreases. As light increases more, ETR decreases and swimming speed increases. With further increases in light, ETR and swimming speed decrease. Neutral lipids follow a pattern similar to ETR, only lipids peak after ETR at a light intensity that corresponds to the increase in swimming speed. The results, which suggest complex swimming-physiological relationships, generate questions to how cells partition energy. Swimming speed, yield, and ETR are examined over 12 h incubations as well - with sampling throughout the day. The patterns in these experiments are more difficult to interpret.
In Chapter 2, cell surface aggregation patterns among K. brevis strains are examined. The strains show distinct and consistent surface patterns. There are no apparent differences in lipid content and organelle distribution in samples of the aggregates of the strains.
Throughout this study, APA tends to swim the fastest when taped in the dark, whereas JAX tends to swim the slowest. Despite variation among the strains examined, the overall swimming speed of the species is in line with accepted values. Information from the three strains is combined to produce a species response to light and temperature ranges, and for comparison with physiological data
Structural variants in genes associated with human Williams-Beuren syndrome underlie stereotypical hypersociability in domestic dogs
No full textabstract: Although considerable progress has been made in understanding the genetic basis of morphologic traits (for example, body size and coat color) in dogs and wolves, the genetic basis of their behavioral divergence is poorly understood. An integrative approach using both behavioral and genetic data is required to understand the molecular underpinnings of the various behavioral characteristics associated with domestication. We analyze a 5-Mb genomic region on chromosome 6 previously found to be under positive selection in domestic dog breeds. Deletion of this region in humans is linked to Williams-Beuren syndrome (WBS), a multisystem congenital disorder characterized by hypersocial behavior. We associate quantitative data on behavioral phenotypes symptomatic of WBS in humans with structural changes in the WBS locus in dogs. We find that hypersociability, a central feature of WBS, is also a core element of domestication that distinguishes dogs from wolves. We provide evidence that structural variants in GTF2I and GTF2IRD1, genes previously implicated in the behavioral phenotype of patients with WBS and contained within the WBS locus, contribute to extreme sociability in dogs. This finding suggests that there are commonalities in the genetic architecture of WBS and canine tameness and that directional selection may have targeted a unique set of linked behavioral genes of large phenotypic effect, allowing for rapid behavioral divergence of dogs and wolves, facilitating coexistence with humans.The final version of this article, as published in Science Advances, can be viewed online at: http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/3/7/e170039
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