1,771,715 research outputs found
Neuromodulation of Brain States
No full textSwitches between different behavioral states of the animal are associated with prominent changes in global brain activity, between sleep and wakefulness or from inattentive to vigilant states. What mechanisms control brain states, and what are the functions of the different states? Here we summarize current understanding of the key neural circuits involved in regulating brain states, with a particular emphasis on the subcortical neuromodulatory systems. At the functional level, arousal and attention can greatly enhance sensory processing, whereas sleep and quiet wakefulness may facilitate learning and memory. Several new techniques developed over the past decade promise great advances in our understanding of the neural control and function of different brain states
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Interneuron subtypes and Orientation Tuning
No full textarising from B. V. Atallah, W. Bruns, M. Carandini & M. Scanziani 73, 159-170 (2012); N. R. Wilson, C. A. Runyan, F. L. Wang & M. Sur 488, 343-348 10.1038/nature11347(2012); S.-H. Lee et al. 488, 379-383 10.1038/nature11312(2012)Parvalbumin-positive (PV(+)) and somatostatin-positive (SST(+)) interneurons are two principal subtypes of cortical GABAergic neurons that differ in morphology, physiological properties and postsynaptic targeting. Although GABAergic inhibition is known to be crucial for shaping orientation tuning in the visual cortex, it is unclear whether PV(+) and SST(+) interneurons have different roles. Recently, Atallah et al., Wilson et al. and Lee et al. addressed this issue by optogenetically manipulating each interneuron subtype, reaching different conclusions: some investigators found that SST(+) neuron activation sharpens orientation tuning, whereas PV(+) neuron activation has little effect, but others found that activation of PV(+) but not SST(+) interneurons sharpens orientation tuning. To understand the cause for the discrepancy we examined the impact of several experimental differences among the studies-anaesthesia and the level and duration of optogenetic stimulation-and found that the discrepancies can be largely explained by differences in the level and duration of interneuron activation
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
THE INTERPRETATION OF JOGLO BUILDING HOUSE ART IN THE JAVANESE CULTURAL TRADITION
Full text linkTraditional Javanese house is basically a complex entity in which the shape and structure and function are closely related to each other. The composition of the space consists of space front and back of the house. Front of the house called pendhapa or omah ngarep associated imaginatively as a form of phallus, allegedly imitation male genitalia, so it is a symbol of virility. On the other hand dalem identical women, with characteristic senthong middle, there is a hole in the center, decorated with beautiful, rounded shape kenongan, sacred. All these indicators illustrate imaginative forms of yoni, the female genitals alleged impersonation. Traditional Javanese house thus embodies the notion of gender, human form of personification. This understanding is nothing but an attempt to align between the big world (the house) with the inhabitants (small world), in other words the world is an artificial world of small, meant to be together
- …
