1,721,024 research outputs found
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Impact of the contractual teacher's recrutment policy on the quality of primary education in Sénégal : what lessons for Education for all ?
No full textAu début des années 1990, le Sénégal, à l'instar de nombreux pays d'Afrique subsaharienne, était confronté à une baisse de sa couverture scolaire au primaire. Malgré les nombreuses mesures prises pour accroître l'offre scolaire à moindre coût (création des classes à double flux, renforcement des classes multigrades, création des écoles de formation des instituteurs qui forment en un an au lieu de quatre ans comme précédemment, augmentation du recrutement d'instituteurs adjoints, etc.), cette baisse s'est poursuivie jusqu'en 1994. Pour renverser cette tendance à la baisse, les autorités ont alors fait appel à des enseignants non fonctionnaires (volontaires de l‟éducation et maîtres contractuels). Comparés à leurs collègues titulaires, ces « nouveaux enseignants » ont reçu une formation professionnelle de courte durée et sont employés dans des conditions moins favorables. De plus, leurs salaires sont considérablement plus faibles que dans la fonction publique. Ces conditions conduisent selon certains discours à un manque de motivation doublé de lacunes importantes sur le plan des compétences professionnelles, le tout pouvant avoir un impact très négatif sur la qualité de l'éducation. Après avoir resitué les enjeux actuels de l‟école sénégalaise, dans cette thèse, nous nous intéressons à l'évaluation de l'impact de cette politique de recrutement des enseignants non fonctionnaires sur la qualité de l'enseignement primaire, ceci en utilisant les données issues des enquêtes PASEC réalisées en 2006/2007 et en appliquant les méthodes d'impact quasi expérimentales. La difficulté empirique de l'évaluation d'impact réside ici dans l'estimation du contrefactuel. En effet, il n'est pas possible d'observer chaque élève membre d'une classe tenue par un enseignant non-fonctionnaire (volontaire de l'éducation et maître contractuel) dans la situation où il aurait été membre d'un groupe pédagogique confié à un maître titulaire. Pour contourner cette difficulté, nous recourons aux techniques d'observation appariées proposées par Rubin (1974). Nos résultats montrent qu'en deuxième année, les enseignants titulaires sont plus efficaces que les maîtres contractuels pour transmettre les connaissances aux élèves. En cinquième année, ce sont les maîtres contractuels qui sont plus performants. Quant aux volontaires de l'éducation, ils ne se démarquent pas significativement des titulaires dans les deux niveaux d'études considérés.In the early 1990s, like in many other countries in sub-Saharan Africa, Senegal was also facing a decrease in the gross school enrolment ratio (GER). Despite the numerous measures taken for increasing GER at lower cost (creation of double shift classes, strengthening of multi-grade classes, creation of training schools which train teachers curriculum in one year instead of four as previously, increased recruitment of assistant teachers, etc.), this decline continued until 1994. In order to reverse this downward trend, the government recruited non-civil servant teachers (education volunteers and contract teachers). Compared to their tenured colleagues, these "new teachers" received a short duration professional training and employed under less favorable conditions (without tenure and other social advantages). Moreover, the wages they earn are considerably lower than those in the public services. These conditions lead to low motivation and significant deficiencies of skills, and consequently imply a negative impact on the quality of education. After relocating the current issues of Senegalese school, in this thesis we evaluate the impact of the contractual teachers‟ recruitment policy on the quality of primary education by using data from PASEC surveys that was conducted in school year 2006/2007 and by applying the quasi-experimental impact method. In this study, the empirical difficulty of evaluating the impact lies in estimating the counterfactual. Indeed, it is not possible to observe each student of a class taught by “non-civil servant teachers” in a situation where the student was a member a class ruled by a civil servant teacher. To avoid this difficulty, we use the matched observational techniques proposed by Rubin (1974). Our results show in the second grade, civil servants are more effective than contract teachers in transmitting knowledge to students. On the other hand for the fifth grade, contract teachers are more efficient for pupil‟s results. The performance of volunteer teachers is not significantly different from the civil servant teachers at both educational levels
Politique de recrutement des enseignants non fonctionnaires et qualité de l'éducation de base au Sénégal : quels enseignements vers l'Education Pour Tous (EPT)?
Get PDFIn the early 1990s, like in many other countries in sub-Saharan Africa, Senegal was also facing a decrease in the gross school enrolment ratio (GER). Despite the numerous measures taken for increasing GER at lower cost (creation of double shift classes, strengthening of multi-grade classes, creation of training schools which train teachers curriculum in one year instead of four as previously, increased recruitment of assistant teachers, etc.), this decline continued until 1994. In order to reverse this downward trend, the government recruited non-civil servant teachers (education volunteers and contract teachers). Compared to their tenured colleagues, these "new teachers" received a short duration professional training and employed under less favorable conditions (without tenure and other social advantages). Moreover, the wages they earn are considerably lower than those in the public services. These conditions lead to low motivation and significant deficiencies of skills, and consequently imply a negative impact on the quality of education. After relocating the current issues of Senegalese school, in this thesis we evaluate the impact of the contractual teachers‟ recruitment policy on the quality of primary education by using data from PASEC surveys that was conducted in school year 2006/2007 and by applying the quasi-experimental impact method. In this study, the empirical difficulty of evaluating the impact lies in estimating the counterfactual. Indeed, it is not possible to observe each student of a class taught by “non-civil servant teachers” in a situation where the student was a member a class ruled by a civil servant teacher. To avoid this difficulty, we use the matched observational techniques proposed by Rubin (1974). Our results show in the second grade, civil servants are more effective than contract teachers in transmitting knowledge to students. On the other hand for the fifth grade, contract teachers are more efficient for pupil‟s results. The performance of volunteer teachers is not significantly different from the civil servant teachers at both educational levels.Au début des années 1990, le Sénégal, à l'instar de nombreux pays d'Afrique subsaharienne, était confronté à une baisse de sa couverture scolaire au primaire. Malgré les nombreuses mesures prises pour accroître l'offre scolaire à moindre coût (création des classes à double flux, renforcement des classes multigrades, création des écoles de formation des instituteurs qui forment en un an au lieu de quatre ans comme précédemment, augmentation du recrutement d'instituteurs adjoints, etc.), cette baisse s'est poursuivie jusqu'en 1994. Pour renverser cette tendance à la baisse, les autorités ont alors fait appel à des enseignants non fonctionnaires (volontaires de l‟éducation et maîtres contractuels). Comparés à leurs collègues titulaires, ces « nouveaux enseignants » ont reçu une formation professionnelle de courte durée et sont employés dans des conditions moins favorables. De plus, leurs salaires sont considérablement plus faibles que dans la fonction publique. Ces conditions conduisent selon certains discours à un manque de motivation doublé de lacunes importantes sur le plan des compétences professionnelles, le tout pouvant avoir un impact très négatif sur la qualité de l'éducation. Après avoir resitué les enjeux actuels de l‟école sénégalaise, dans cette thèse, nous nous intéressons à l'évaluation de l'impact de cette politique de recrutement des enseignants non fonctionnaires sur la qualité de l'enseignement primaire, ceci en utilisant les données issues des enquêtes PASEC réalisées en 2006/2007 et en appliquant les méthodes d'impact quasi expérimentales. La difficulté empirique de l'évaluation d'impact réside ici dans l'estimation du contrefactuel. En effet, il n'est pas possible d'observer chaque élève membre d'une classe tenue par un enseignant non-fonctionnaire (volontaire de l'éducation et maître contractuel) dans la situation où il aurait été membre d'un groupe pédagogique confié à un maître titulaire. Pour contourner cette difficulté, nous recourons aux techniques d'observation appariées proposées par Rubin (1974). Nos résultats montrent qu'en deuxième année, les enseignants titulaires sont plus efficaces que les maîtres contractuels pour transmettre les connaissances aux élèves. En cinquième année, ce sont les maîtres contractuels qui sont plus performants. Quant aux volontaires de l'éducation, ils ne se démarquent pas significativement des titulaires dans les deux niveaux d'études considérés
Salinité des sols de la moyenne vallée du fleuve Sénégal : zone de Mboyo : aspects morphologiques et géochimiques
No full textVariations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
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