1,720,970 research outputs found
Is Sustainable Development based on mining possible ? : Elaboration of a Sustainability Index of Mining Countries applied to Burkina Faso and Niger
No full textLes pays miniers font face à plusieurs défis sociétaux: comment assurer une extraction durable d’une ressource épuisable ? Comment minimiser les impacts cumulatifs de cette extraction sur l’environnement et les populations? Dans quelle mesure les rentes perçues améliorent les conditions de vie des populations? Comment assurer la pérennité d’un développement harmonisé dans l’après-mine? La thèse apporte des réponses en se proposant de construire un Indice de Soutenabilité des Pays Miniers appliqué au Burkina Faso et au Niger à travers une démarche Top down/bottom up. L’indice révèle une dichotomie entre les rentes perçues et les indicateurs de développement. La thèse recommande une planification des ressources naturelles. D’abord, renégocier les contrats miniers. La réforme des contrats miniers permet de constituer une rente nationale conséquente pour ensuite financer la transformation structurelle. Cette transformation nécessite 18,8 milliards de dollars en Technologie et capital humain. La simulation indique que l’industrialisation crée une dynamique entre ce secteur et les secteurs ruraux et urbains. L’étude recommande que la dynamique créée dans la dimension économique alimente en permanence les autres dimensions de l’outil à savoir les dimensions sociale, environnementale, transversale et la dimension gouvernance, politique et institutionnelle, en particulier les secteurs « pivots » que sont l’éducation, l’énergie et la justice sociale. Enfin, définir un fonds souverain permanent afin de garantir la pérennité du développement aux générations futures. La thèse suggère que la question du développement durable soit constitutionnalisée et les actions mieux articulées.The mining countries face diverse challenges as they strive for economic success. Our research is guided by the following questions: how to ensure a sustainable extraction of an exhaustible resource? How to minimize the cumulative impacts of this extraction on the environment and populations? To what extent do the perceived rents improve the living conditions of the people? How to ensure the sustainability of a harmonized development in the post-mine? This thesis provides answers by proposing a Sustainability Index of Mining Countries applied to Burkina Faso and Niger through top down and bottom up approaches. The index reveals a dichotomy between perceived rents and development indicators. The thesis suggests natural resource planning. First, renegotiating mining contracts. The reform of mining contracts makes possible the constitution of a substantial national rent in order to fund the structural transformation. This transformation requires 18.8 billion dollars in Technology and Human Capital. The simulation indicates that industrialization creates a dynamic between this sector and the rural urban sectors. The study suggests that the dynamics created in the economic dimension constantly fuels the other dimensions of the tool, namely the social, environmental, transversal and governance, political and institutional dimensions, in particular the "pivotal" sectors: education, energy and social justice. Finally, governments should define a permanent sovereign fund in order to guarantee the sustainability of development for future generations. The thesis suggests that the question of sustainable development has to be constitutionalized and the actions should be better defined
L'Indice du Développement Humain ou l'indice monétaire de développement ? Evidences par l’Analyse en Composantes Principales
Full text linkL’article discute de quatre questions cruciales relatives à l’Indice du Développement Humain (IDH). Le choix des seuils de normalisation de l’indice revenu influence-t-il le classement des pays ? Est-il opportun de mesurer le progrès humain au travers un indice synthétique ? Les performances des pays sont-elles expliquées par la seule dimension monétaire ? Le choix d’une pondération égale des composantes de l’indice a-t-il une validité statistique ? En reprenant les données du rapport 2014 sur l’IDH, et contre toute évidence apparente, l’Analyse en Composantes Principales (ACP) fournit des résultats surprenants
L'Indice du Développement Humain ou l'indice monétaire de développement ? Evidences par l’Analyse en Composantes Principales
No full textL’article discute de quatre questions cruciales relatives à l’Indice du Développement Humain (IDH). Le choix des seuils de normalisation de l’indice revenu influence-t-il le classement des pays ? Est-il opportun de mesurer le progrès humain au travers un indice synthétique ? Les performances des pays sont-elles expliquées par la seule dimension monétaire ? Le choix d’une pondération égale des composantes de l’indice a-t-il une validité statistique ? En reprenant les données du rapport 2014 sur l’IDH, et contre toute évidence apparente, l’Analyse en Composantes Principales (ACP) fournit des résultats surprenants
Changing the Africa's impoverishing economic model: Towards a rewarding sustainable specialization model with a new factor of production
Full text linkThis paper highlights the impoverishing character of Africa’s economic model in its world merchandise trade. With a view to reduce the ousting of the wealth of the continent by its trading partners, we develop a neo-factorial specialization model in which we introduce technology and raw materials as endogenous factors of production of manufactured goods. In addition, we distinguish between skilled labor and unskilled. Considering raw commodities as a factor production (natural capital) and making technology and skilled labor factors endogenous allows us to understand why Africa is historically specialized in raw material exports. We show how Africa can, thanks to its advantage in natural resources, accumulate technology and human capital necessary to its industrialization in the second phase of the model, allowing it to eliminate the impoverishing effects of trade. The model predictions are quite optimistic in the second phase of Africa's opening process to the world. Calibrating the model on real data, results are consistent with some goals of sustainable development particularly in its economic and social dimensions. The environmental dimension is however difficult to reconcile with both others
A Mining Industry Sustainability Index: Experiences from Gold and Uranium Sectors
No full textInternational audienceFrom a sustainable development perspective, companies have to incorporate new requirements into their business models. Taking into account, new societal challenges are conceptualized at the corporate level by the concept of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). At the level of the mining industries, the expectations are much more important especially since the mining activity generates social impacts (creation of employment, but also prostitutions, child labor, precarious working conditions in the artisanal exploitations), environmental (pollution, noise pollution, loss of biodiversity) and economic ones (income increase, dynamism of the local economy, but the mining activity creates economic distortions such as the increase in the price of real estate, conflicts of land use). The net impact of mining activity is therefore sometimes difficult to measure. The tool most commonly used by companies subject to the CSR requirement is the Global Reporting Initiative. This standard tool cannot, however, account for the specificities of the mining sector or the singularity of the contexts. This chapter focuses on mining sector as a driver of local development by analyzing its contributions to key dimensions of sustainable mining sector. For needs of policy decision making, we suggest a composite Mining Industry Sustainability Index (MISI). The sensitivity and robustness analysis and the correlation tests with other well-known indicators, at the end of the chapter, prove the strength of the constructed index, namely the sustainability index of the mining industry
Méthodes d'évaluation économique des biens et services environnementaux et impacts cumulatifs
Full text linkCe papier propose une synthèse critique des méthodes statiques d’évaluation économique des biens et services environnementaux et des impacts résultant des activités anthropiques. A la suite de l’analyse critique des méthodes traditionnelles, nous développons une approche dynamique de l’évaluation environnementale. La méthode dynamique permet la pris en compte simultanée de trois effets de l’impact de l’activité humaine sur l’environnement : un effet quantité lié à la multiplication des activités polluantes ; un effet temporel lié à l’accumulation des impacts au cours du temps et un effet de coût de l’inaction relatif au report des efforts ou des investissements dans les mesures de remédiation. La combinaison de ces trois effets permet d’établir une trajectoire des impacts cumulatifs des activités humaines sur l’environnement et d’identifier des éventuels seuils d’irréversibilité des impacts environnementaux
DU BOOM MINIER AU BURKINA FASO : OPPORTUNITÉ POUR UN DÉVELOPPEMENT DURABLE OU RISQUES DE PÉRIL POUR LES GÉNERATIONS FUTURES ?
No full textCet article discute des éventualités de développement durable du Burkina Faso basée sur son secteur minier. Deux indicateurs ont abouti à des conclusions divergentes. Alors que l’indicateur comptable « Epargne Nette Ajustée » classe le pays parmi les non soutenables, l’Epargne Nette Véritable construit dans le cadre de cet article, en tenant compte des spécificités de l’économie du pays lui est favorable avec toutefois des risques de non soutenabilité à long terme. Des remarques objectives sur l’indice ont milité à son amélioration notamment en la construction d’un indicateur composite de soutenabilité des pays miniers. En dépit des limites et des critiques relevées, l’étude indique que le Burkina peut compter sur son secteur minier pour amorcer son développement harmonisé pour peu que les recettes minières soient judicieusement et équitablement réparties entre besoins présents et pressants et consommation future. Des techniques vertes d’extraction des minerais et la participation des populations riveraines à leur propre développement sont entre autres des conditions supplémentaires de soutenabilité.
Abstract
This paper deals with the eventualities for the Burkina Faso to be sustainable, based on its mining sector. Two indexes (genuine saving and adjusted net saving) gave two controversial findings: the first one shows that the country is sustainable whereas the second one indicates an unsustainable country. Criticism induced us to improve the genuine saving index to be a neutral composite indicator in the futures researches. Despite these insufficient, the study shows that Burkina Faso can be sustainable if the rent of it natural resources are equitably share between present consumption and future investments
Evaluating Normandy's sustainable development and energy transition policies
No full textInternational audienceSince 2012, France has been engaged in its energy and environmental policy transformation. The legislative framework for this change is the Energy transition for green growth Act. The policy on energy transition and sustainable development is carried out at the local level by the regions which rely on their territories. This paper aims to provide a useful tool to policy-makers in order to monitor sustainable development and energy transition policies in Norman territories. This first part of the research provides the evaluation's framework through an Energy Transition and Sustainable Development Index. The methodological strategy is based on a systematic literature survey on both academic work related to energy transition and sustainable development and the Normady's sustainable development and energy transition policies. Based on literature review, the study identified six policy-packages in which policy-makers may act: The "environment and resources use", the "sustainable territories and mobility", the "energy security and transition", the "economic dynamics", the "governance dimension" and the "social dimension". The index is built using the budget allocation process approach. Strengths and weaknesses of the index are clearly identified and highlighted in order to warn future users of the tool the cautions they should take in the implementation of the index, including challenges to make data available for such an implementation. (C) 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved
How do extractive resources affect human development ? Evidence from a panel data analysis
No full textInternational audienceThis paper examines the effect of extractive resources on human development. We control for institutional quality through a composite index of institutional quality. Our sample covers 42 countries over the period 2009–2015. Given the small sample size, we use the bias-corrected least square dummy variable method. The results show that extractive resources have a positive and significant effect on human development. Health and education are the channels through which extractive resources affect human development. The quality of institutions improves the effect of extractive resources on health but destroys their positive effect on human development and education. This study reveals that the consideration of institutional quality must be specific to each sector (health and education) in a more in-depth analysis of the effect of extractive resources on human development
The Index of Economic Freedom: Methodological matters
No full textComposite indicators (CIs) are essential in public debates and policies so the social demand for synthetic tools is constantly increasing. They are also subject to criticism (see Saisana and Saltelli 2010; Klugman et al., 2011) due to lack of a gold standard in their construction. The Index of Economic Freedom (IEF) is one of these tools subject to criticism because it suffers from methodological matters. The IEF lacks statistical validity because two of its components are strongly and negatively correlated with the others. Both components are causing significant variations in 95 percent of countries ranked. This paper deals with these issues by using Principal Components Analysis (PCA) and Benefit Of the Doubt (BOD) methods to generate component and country specific weights in computing the scores. The PCA and BOD analyses provide consistent results that differ dramatically with the baseline ones (results using equal weights). Given stable results provided by the PCA and BOD analysis, the IEF would receive broad legitimacy basing the calculation of its scores on endogenous weighting models
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