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Esercizio terapeutico in ipogravità nella malattia demielinizzante. Equilibri e valutazione stabilometrica
No full textPharmacokinetics of tramadol and its metabolite M1 following intravenous administration of tramadol at two dosing rate in sheep undergoing spinal surgery
No full textOBJECTIVE
To assess the pharmacokinetics of tramadol (T) and its metabolite
O-desmethyltramadol (M1) after IV administration of T in
sheep undergoing experimental lumbar spine surgery.
METHODS
Twelve Brogna breed, approximately 3-year-old, female sheep
were equally/randomly divided into two groups. Once the target
level of general anaesthesia was achieved, 4 or 6 mg kg
1
T, were IV administered. Blood samples were collected at
scheduled times (0, 5, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 240 and
300 min). T and M1 quantification in plasma was carried out
by a HPLC validated method. The pharmacokinetic analysis
was performed by WinNonlin 5.3.
RESULTS
Pharmacokinetic parameters of T and M1 were determined by
a bi-compartmental and non-compartmental analysis, respectively.
The plasma concentrations of T after administration of
both doses dropped down rapidly. T was detectable in all the
sheep up to 2 h from the drug administration. After administration
of 4 and 6 mg kg
1 of T, the main parameters of the
parental drug were: T1/2elim0.99 0.46 and 0.68 0.20 h;
Cl 2.49 0.28 and 3.24 0.39 l h
1 kg
1; Vd
772.72 149.47 ml kg
1 and 734.36 265.53 ml kg
1,
respectively. M1was found in all the animals but its concentrations
were very low. The Cmax was 0.09 0.04 and
0.10 0.10 lg ml
1 achieved at Tmax of 0.98 0.50 and
0.58 0.71 h after administration low and high dose of T,
respectively.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS
After the administration of the two doses of T, the concentration
versus time curves of T and M1, were similar. An earlier
study (Bortolami et al., submitted) where non-anesthetized
sheep received T at 4 and 6 mg kg
1 showed lower concentrations
of the parental drug than those reported in the present
study. The diverse value of clearance (smaller in the present
study) seemed to trigger this difference. It might be due to the
blood flow modification that occurs during anesthesia. This is
in line with the findings reported in a former pharmacokinetic
study in anesthetized/non-anesthetized dogs (Buhari et al.,
2013).
In the present study, the AUCM1/T ratio after the low dose was
similar to that obtained with high dose, suggesting that T
metabolism is not dissimilar (saturated) at 4 and 6 mg kg
1.
Further studies are warranted to establish the efficacious blood
concentration of T and M1 in sheep.
REFERENCES
1. Bortolami E., della Rocca G., Di Salvo A., Giorgi M., Kim
T.W., Isola M., De Benedictis G.M. (submitted). Pharmacokinetics
and antinociceptive effects of tramadol and its metabolite
M1 following intravenous administration in sheep. The
Veterinary Journal (submitted)
2. Buhari S., Kalthum H., Goh Y.M., Gan S.H. (2013). Influence
of surgery on the pharmacokinetics of tramadol following
intravenous administration in dogs. Asian Journal of
Animal and Veterinary Advances, 8, 483–492
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
PHARMACOKINETICS OF MELOXICAM IN TURTLES (TRACHEMYS SCRIPTA SCRIPTA SPP) AFTER SINGLE ORAL, INTRACOELOMIC AND INTRAMUSCULAR ADMINISTRATIONS
No full textOBJECTIVE
To obtain pharmacokinetic information after single intramuscular,
intracoelomic and oral administration of meloxicam in
turtles (Trachemys scripta scripta spp).
METHODS
Eighteen turtles equally divided in three groups were treated
with a single dose of meloxicam (0.2 mg kg
1) given via intramuscular,
intracoelomic and oral administration, respectively.
Blood samples were collected at predetermined time points
(before administration and at 0.5, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96
and 120 h post administration) from the subcarapacial vein, and plasma meloxicam concentrations were determined by
HPLC (Chinnadurai et al., 2014). Pharmacokinetic parameters
were calculated from the resultant concentration-time curves.
RESULTS
In all subjects in all treated groups, meloxicam appeared in the
bloodstream at the first time point (30 min). It was detectable
up to 24 h post treatment in all subjects after intracoelomic
treatment and in 5 out of 6 turtles following intramuscular
and oral administration. Forty-eight hours post-administration,
meloxicam was still detectable in 4 out of 6, 3 out of 6 and 1
out of 6 turtles after intracoelomic, intramuscular and oral
administration, respectively. At the sampling time on the thirdday
(72 h), the drug was only detectable in 1 subject treated
via the intracoelomic route. Following intramuscular administration,
the Cmax was reached at 1.17 0.45 (mean SD)
hours indicating a faster absorption of meloxicam with respect
to oral treatment (Tmax 5.23 3.80 h, P = 0.004) and the intracoelomic
route (Tmax 2.82 1.39 h), although this last difference
was not statistically significant. The intramuscular
group accounted for the highest plasma peak of meloxicam
(1590.03 1845.32 ng ml
1), the intracoelomic group for
the largest AUC (12621.04 6203.79 h*ng ml
1). The oral
group had the smallest drug plasma concentrations, meloxicam
concentrations were always below 100 ng ml
1, indicating a
poor absorption through this administration route.
CONCLUSIONS
From the data obtained, oral administration of meloxicam
seems unsuitable for turtles (Trachemys scripta scripta spp), due
to the very low drug concentrations in the blood. Conversely,
the intramuscular and intracoelomic routes lead to higher
blood concentrations of the drug. Further studies are warranted
to establish the effective plasma concentration of meloxicam
in turtles, and, consequently, the most suitable route
of administration and the dosage regimen
Brevetti
No full textPer il lavoro di ricerca,di cui il libro "Glassblock and Architecture. Evoluzione del vetromattone e recenti applicazioni" rappresenta una sintesi preliminare,sono stati analizzati e riportati in elenco numerosi brevetti sul vetromattone ed i sistemi di posa in opera ad esso correlati oltre che alcuni specifici accorgimenti atti a migliorare le caratteristiche del vetro e degli “accessori” utili all’istallazione dei vetromattoni stessi.Di ciascun brevetto si riportano il nome dell'autore, l’azienda per la quale il brevetto stesso è stato richiesto e pubblicato (laddove esistente), la data di presentazione della domanda di brevettazione e la relativa data di concessione
PHARMACOKINETICS OF MELOXICAM AFTER INTRAVENOUS ADMINISTRATION IN HORSES AFFECTED BY COLIC SYNDROME
No full textObjectives: In horses undergoing laparotomy for colic syndrome, NSAIDs are the first choice treatment in the postoperative period because of their ability to contrast endotoxemia and to promote analgesic and anti-inflammatory effect. Since the pharmacokinetics of drugs in clinical patients may be different (presence of pathologies and other therapeutic agents) from that reported in healthy subjects, this study was aimed to evaluate the pharmacokinetic profile of meloxicam after IV administration in horses undergoing anesthesia surgery for colic syndrome.
Materials & methods: Eight horses presenting colic syndrome and scheduled for laparotomy were enrolled in the study. All subjects received the same premedication and anesthetic protocol, as well as antibiotics before and after surgery. During all the surgery period and for at least 12 hours of the postoperative period a ringer lactate solution was infused at different rates depending on the dehydration state of the patient. Next the end of surgery (at least 30 min before) 0.6 mg/kg of meloxicam were administered intravenously. Blood samples were withdrawn at prefixed time-points within the 24 hours post-administration in order to determine the concentration vs time profile curves of meloxicam. The analytical quantification of the drug was performed by HPLC with an UV detector. A bi-compartmental model best fitted the obtained data.
Results & Conclusion: The half-life of elimination resulted equal to 5.03 ± 2.49 hours, the clearance was 71.34 ± 75.47 mL/kg/h and the distribution volume at steady state 0.38 ± 0.41 L/kg. Comparing these data with data reported in healthy horses, the clearance is greater and as consequence the half-life smaller. This difference is probably due to the continuous infusion of ringer lactate that promotes the elimination of drug. In this clinical condition, the recommended dose of 0.6 mg/kg/die might not be sufficient to guarantee the analgesic efficacy
Treatment of chronic atril fibrillation in the horse with flecainide: personal observation.
No full textAtrial fibrillation is a disturbance of the cardiac rhythm associated with poor perfor- mance in athletic horses. Quinidine is the drug of choice for restoring sinus rhythm in horses because of its high success rate (85%) in cases with no anatomical lesions of the atrial myocardium. However, side effects and adverse effects are commonly reported with quinidine cardioversion. Nose-gastric administration is frequently associated with nasal mucosal edema, urticaria, paraphymosis, hypotension, colic and diarrhea. Further- more, proarrhythmic effects of quinidine can induce rapid ventricular tachycardia (Btorsade des pointes^) and sudden death. Therefore, pharmaceutical alternatives to quinidine, with less side effects and similar efficacy, would be desirable. Flecainide has been found to be well tolerated and easy to administer and preliminary studies in horses with induced AF and acute AF suggested that it is effective in restoring sinus rhythm (Ohmura et al., 2000, 2001). Flecainide is an antyarrhythmic agent of Vaughan- Williams class IC which strictly binds to and blocks the fast Na-channel, decreasing maximum velocity of depolarization during phase 0 and prolonging the action potentials in the atrial and ventricular myocardium and in the Purkinje fibers. This results in slow- ing of the conduction through these structures, particularly within the His-Purkinje sys- tem. Electrocardiographically the P-R interval and the QRS duration prolong, as does the Q-T interval, even though shortening of the J-T interval (from the end of the QRS to the end of the T wave) is commonly seen. A recent clinical study of 10 horses with natural occurring AF treated with flecainide found that just one horse converted to sinus rhythm, while the remainder were cardioverted using the Bclassical^ quinidine protocol
273
274
(Van Loon et al., 2004). The aim of the present study was to focus on the effectiveness and safety of flecainide in horses with chronic atrial fibrillation that were not amenable to quinidine cardioversion
Creation and validation of the Italian version of the Glasgow Composite Measure Pain Scale-Short Form (ICMPS-SF).
No full textObjective To validate the Italian translation of the Glasgow Composite Measure Pain Scale
– Short Form (ICMPS‐SF) in order to assess acute pain in dogs. The original English‐version
of the scale (the Glasgow Composite Measure Pain Scale – Short Form ‐ CMPS‐SF) was
translated into Italian according to a standard protocol to ensure linguistic and cultural
validity. Nine Italian veterinary surgeons then recorded pain scores in dogs undergoing
orthopaedic or soft tissue surgery using the ICMPS‐SF at 2, 6, and 24 hours post‐extubation.
Construct validity was demonstrated using hypothesis testing. A total of 95 dogs were
recruited into the study. Thirty‐seven dogs underwent orthopaedic procedures and 58 dogs
underwent soft tissue procedures. Twenty‐three, 45, and 27 procedures were classified as
mild, moderate, and severe, respectively. Statistically significant differences in the median
pain scores were demonstrated between orthopaedic and soft tissue cases as well as among
mild, moderate, and severe cases. Median pain scores decreased with time and changes were
statistically significant. The ICMPS‐SF demonstrated construct validity similar to the original
English‐language scale, resulting in a valid and reliable instrument for the assessment of
acute pain in dogs by Italian veterinarians
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
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