1,720,953 research outputs found
PEMANFAATAN CAMPURAN OYEK UBI KAYU, GRITS JAGUNG, BERAS MERAH DAN GRITS KEDELAI TERHADAP SNACK EKSTRUSI
No full textLatar belakang
Saat ini pemenuhan kebutuhan pangan masih merupakan masalah bagi banyak negara, terutama negara berkembang. Kebutuhan pangan yang terus meningkat masih menjadi persoalan yang belum dapat diatasi. Hal ini disebabkan karena bertambahnya jumlah penduduk yang tidak sebanding dengan pertambahan jumlah makanan, untuk menanggulangi masalah tersebut alternatif pemecahannya adalah dengan meningkatkan pemanfaatan atau nilai guna sumber daya alam hasil pertanian.
Teknologi ekstrusi merupakan teknologi yang semakin berkembang di kalangan industri pangan, meskipun pada awalnya prinsip ekstrusi ini banyak digunakan untuk keperluan-keperluan yang berkaitan dengan industri logam, polimer, plastik dan produk pangan pasta, namun karena prinsipnya yang sama maka dapat pula diterapkan pada proses pengolahan produk-produk pangan secara luas (Muchtadi, Haryadi dan Basuki, 1988). Cara pengolahan bahan pangan menggunakan ekstruder telah popular di masyarakat. Waktu proses yang sangat singkat, cara pengolahan bahan pangan dengan metode ekstrusi memiliki tingkat produktifitas yang tinggi sehingga semakin berkembang dan sangat diminati serta memiliki prospek yang cerah pada masa sekarang maupun masa yang akan datang.
Snack merupakan makanan ringan yang sangat digemari oleh semua kalangan baik dari anak-anak, remaja sampai orang tua. Snack ekstrusi merupakan kelompok makanan ringan yang dibuat melalui proses ekstrusi. Proses pembuatan snack ekstrusi yaitu menggunakan alat ekstruder dengan sistem pemasakan ekstrusi dan menghasilkan produk yang bergelembung kering (puff-dry) (Muchtadi et al.,1988)
Pada masa sekarang, teknologi ekstrusi telah berkembang semakin pesat dan kebanyakan dimanfaatkan untuk pengolahan serealia dan biji-bijian (Muchtadi et al,.1988). Serealia adalah produk agrikultur yang utama serta merupakan sumber kalori yang utama di dunia. Salah satu jenis serealia diantaranya adalah jagung. Jagung dapat dianggap sebagai makanan pokok kedua
di Indonesia. Jagung umum dipakai untuk proses ekstrusi karena harganya yang murah dan banyak tersedia. Umumnya produk ekstrusi yang berbahan baku jagung memiliki tekstur yang renyah dan mudah mengalami puffing (Muchtadi et al,. 1988). Selain itu, jagung dari segi gizi juga mempunyai andil yang cukup besar seperti tingginya karbohidrat, namun rendah protein dan beberapa mineral yang dibutuhkan tubuh.
Pada sebagian orang, beras merah tidak senikmat beras putih, namun sesungguhnya beras merah lebih kaya nutrisi. Beras merah juga dipercaya sangat baik bagi kesehatan karena mengandung banyak zat yang bermanfaat bagi tubuh yang tidak ditemukan pada jenis beras putih. Kandungan tersebut antara lain serat pangan, antioksidan, serta vitamin dan berbagai mineral (Suardi, 2005).
Menurut Suardi (2005), beras merah diinformasikan mengandung karbohidrat, lemak, serat, asam folat, magnesium, fosfor, protein, vitamin A, B, C, dan B kompleks. Penganeka-ragaman pangan dan usaha penggunaan beras dalam bentuk-bentuk non nasi, maka dibuatlah salah satu bentuk non nasi yaitu dalam bentuk produk ekstrusi dari bahan beras.
Di Indonesia, ubi kayu (Manihot utillisima) merupakan makanan pokok ketiga setelah beras dan jagung. Berdasarkan pada produksi ubi kayu, manfaatnya dibidang kesehatan serta didukung oleh Peraturan Presiden Republik Indonesia nomor 22 tahun 2009 tentang kebijakan percepatan penganeka-ragaman konsumsi pangan berbasis sumber daya lokal maka produk olahan dari ubi kayu perlu ditingkatkan.
Oyek adalah butiran yang terbuat dari ubi kayu yang direndam selama beberapa hari, dibentuk menjadi butiran (granula), dikukus dan dijemur dibawah sinar matahari, sehingga membentuk butiran granula yang keras dan kering. Oyek merupakan salah satu makanan yang cukup popular dikalangan masyarakat bawah, namun penggunaannya hanya sebatas untuk makanan pengganti nasi saja. Salah satu alternatif bentuk pengolahan pangan yang dapat meningkatkan nilai guna oyek adalah dengan memanfaatkannya sebagai bahan baku ekstrusi.
Pemanfaatan oyek dan beras merah di Indonesia belum banyak ragamnya. Biasanya ubi kayu di konsumsi dalam bentuk keripik singkong, tapioka, ubi kayu rebus, getuk dan mie. Sedangkan beras merah selain untuk makanan pokok sehari-
hari sebagian diolah untuk bahan baku pembuatan makanan bayi. Satu hal yang penting dari proses pencampuran tersebut adalah memberi kemungkinan pemanfaatan sumber bahan pangan lain yang belum dimanfaatkan secara optimal dengan jalan subsitusi. Hal demikian penting untuk menunjang proses penganekaragaman pangan (Muchtadi et al., 1988). Usaha untuk meningkatkan diversifikasi pangan, perlu dikembangkan dengan cara memperkenalkan dan membuatnya dalam bentuk produk ekstrusi yang disukai, namun berasal dari bahan baku olahan yang tidak umum dikalangan masyarakat seperti oyek ubi kayu dan peningkatan nilai guna beras merah serta jagung sebagai bahan baku unggulan untuk produk ekstrusi serta suplai protein.
Penelitian ini merupakan suatu upaya pemanfaatan bahan pangan dengan penganeka-ragaman cara pengolahannya dan meningkatkan nilai guna bahan hasil pertanian. Ketiga bahan baku yang digunakan adalah bahan yang kaya karbohidrat, untuk menambah nilai gizi protein ditambahkan kedelai sebagai sumber protein terbesar. Berdasarkan peneletian sebelumnya, penambahan protein berlebih menyebabkan produk tidak mengembang. Penggunaan ketiga bahan baku tersebut dan penambahan kacang kedelai secara merata pada setiap perlakuan diharapkan menghasilkan produk ekstrusi ber-protein dan formulasi bahan lainnya antara oyek, beras merah dan jagung menghasilkan produk ekstrusi yang baik. Ekstrudat yang dihasilkan merupakan makanan ringan berbentuk bulat memanjang serta bergelembung kering.
Berdasarkan urian diatas, maka dilakukan penelitian dengan judul “Pemanfaatan Campuran Oyek Ubi Kayu, Grits Jagung, Beras Merah dan Grits Kedelai terhadap Mutu Snack Ekstrusi
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
- …
