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Large deep-seated slump structure off Ischia volcanic island, Eastern Tyrrhenian sea (Italy)
Full text linkIschia island is located over the Campania sector of Eastern
Tyrrhenian margin and represents the sub-aerial section of a
larger, E-W trending volcanic ridge including others submerged
or buried volcanic edifices. The island itself result from the
coalescence of a multitude of small to medium scale eruptions
leading to the emplacement of domes, lava flow and pyroclastic
deposits and ignimbrites (VEZZOLI et al., 1988) ranging from
alkali basalts to trachytes. The oldest basement dates back to 150
ky and crops out along the perimeter of the island especially to
the south. Latest eruption occurred in 1302 A.D. and together
with strong hydrothermal activity, ground uplift and seismic
shaking indicates the presence of a still active magmatic reservoir
at depth. Most recent (Holocene) magmatic activity with local
volcanic eruptions has clustered in the eastern island’s sector the
while central sector is dominated by the Mt. Epomeo, consisting
of an ignimbritic tuff (Green tuff Auct.) uplifted of 600-700 m in
the past 33ka.
In the past decade the island’s offshore has been the object of
extensive hydrographic and marine geophysical surveys that have
shown the structural complexity of the undersea sections and
have overall shown the importance of gravity failures in island’s
evolution. In particular a 1.5-3 km3 debris avalanche due to a
subaerial and/or submarine flank collapse was emplaced along
the steep and unbuttressed island’s flank during pre-historical or
even historical times (CHIOCCI & DE ALTERIIS, 2006; de Alteriis
et al., 2010) whereas three other similar deposits of comparable
volumes were found over the continental shelf to the west and to
the north (VIOLANTE et al, 2004; DE ALTERIIS & VIOLANTE,
2009).
Here we report a previously unrecognized deep-seated slump
structure and associated surficial mass wasting phenomena which
occur off Ischia south-western flank. Recently acquired
hydrological and geophysical data lead to identify the
morphological features and the internal organization of the failed
sediments which spread along the continental slope. The extent
of this deep-seated deformations and the deep structural levels
involved lead to investigate on the influence played by volcanic
processes on slope failure.
DATA AND METHODS
Our dataset was acquired during the geophysical cruise
PECOS 2010 carried out on R/V Urania (Consiglio Nazionale
delle Ricerche, CNR, Italy) between December 22th 2010 and
January 2nd 2011 in the frame of a project leaded by Istituto per
l’Ambiente Marino Costiero, (IAMC-CNR), Naples-Italy with
the collaboration of Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e del
Mare (Palermo University), Palermo-Italy regarding coastal and
offshore slope instability in the Bay of Napoli.
The Ischia southern slope was explored through a multibeam
survey and a single-channel seismic survey. Acquisition was
carried out between 400 and 1200 m. The bathymetric data were
collected using a hull mounted Reson 8160 multibeam sonar.
Resolution resulted in a 20x20 m implemented with 50x50
gridded size provided by a previously collected data. The seismic
survey consisted of 6 dip-lines NNE-SSW run along the slope
and 5 cross lines parallel to the slope totalling 170 km. Average
spacing between diplines was slightly less than 1 km while
spacing between crosslines was variable from 1.2 to 2.5 km.
NNE-SSW and WNW-ESE directions. The acoustic source used
was a 1Kjoule high-energy power supply system with a multitips
(400) sparker array, fired at 2s time interval.
RESULTS
The collected data show that a wide submerged area of 350
km2, between 400 to 1200 m depths is undergoing slow-moving
deformation and associated secondary mass wasting phenomena.
Morphological features include trenches, counterscarps, bulging
and both extensional and contractional features while internal
deformations show typical landward dipping reflectors with
strong evidence of synsedimentary faulting and asymmetric
anticlines.
Deformation processes operate at various scales generating
folds with wavelength ranging from hundreds meters to
kilometers. Extensional and rotational rupture surfaces sole out at
various low-angle detachment planes located at depths from few
hundred meters to 1 kilometer in subsurface.
The internal organization of the failing mass shows different
pattern of deformation that allows the identification of three main units: 1) a basal unit consisting of a very broad, asymmetric
slump fold with a wavelength of about 5 km and amplitude of
some 100 m. The fold axis is not vertical and the three
dimensional interpretation indicates that the structure is not
cylindrical. The fold strictly correlates with a morphological
bulge seen on bathymetry at about 20 km south of Ischia Island.
2) A wedge shaped intermediate unit characterized by
discontinuous and folded reflectors, locally showing basal
detachment planes and compressional features. 3) A surficial
slump unit affecting the upper and middle slope characterized by
a basal decollément surface and normal growth faults that sole
out at depths ranging from 70 to 40 m in subsurface. It is still
unclear whether the landslide process can be favored by the
volcano-tectonic evolution and rapid vertical accretion of Ischia
volcano or is solely due to possibly volcanic spreading of the
Ischia Island.
REFERENCES
CHIOCCI, F. L. & DE ALTERIIS, G. (2006) - The Ischia debris
avalanche. First, clear submarine evidence in the
Mediterranean of a volcanic island pre-historic collapse.
Terra Nova, 18, 202–209.
DE ALTERIIS, G., INSINGA D. ET AL. (2010) - Age of submarine
debris avalanches and tephrostratigraphy offshore Ischia
Island, Tyrrhenian Sea, Italy. Marine Geology 278 (2010) 1–
18.
DE ALTERIIS, G. & VIOLANTE, C. (2009) - Catastrophic
landslides off Ischia volcanic island (Italy) during prehistory.
In: C. Violante, (ed.) Geohazard in Rocky Coastal Areas.
Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 322, 73–
104.
VEZZOLI, L. (1988) Island of Ischia. Quaderni de ‘La Ricerca
Scientifica’ Progetto finalizzato ‘Geodinamica’, CNR
Monografie finali, 10.
VIOLANTE, C., BUDILLON, F., ET AL. (2004) - Submerged
hummocky topographies and relations with landslides on the
northwestern flank of Ischia island, southern Italy. In:
‘Occurrence and mechanisms of flow-like landslides in
natural slopes and earthfills’, Sorrento, 14–16 May 2003.
AGI, 2, 309–315
A novel systems dynamics model for simulation of yeast batch, fed-batch and continuous cultures.
No full textModelling of microbial cell cultures is essential for design, optimization and control of processes of biotechnological interest. Models can vary from the simple “black box” descriptions to more complex “cybernetic” approaches, but they usually lack flexibility in representing the microbial population dynamics including feedbacks from environment.
On the contrary, the innovative model recently proposed [1] and based on the principle of Systems Dynamics, highlights how the decline and arrest of cell proliferation depends on the accumulation of self-produced inhibitory compounds in the medium. The model (developed in SIMILE and MATLAB R2012b) focused on the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a microorganism of major biotechnological importance, and considers the main metabolic routes of glucose assimilation during aerobic growth in batch, continuous and fed-batch reactors.
Main feature of the model is represented by the metabolic shift between respiration and fermentation occurring in S. cerevisiae (a Crabtree positive yeast) at high sugar concentration, as a function of the levels of glycolysis process.
The same modelling approach has been extended to Crabtree negative yeasts (Kluyveromyces sp.), to shed light on the Crabtree (glucose) effect, a “metabolic paradox” which still remains to be fully explained [2].
References
[1]
S. Mazzoleni, C. Landi, F. Cartenì, E. de Alteriis, F. Giannino, L. Paciello, P. Parascandola
A novel process-based model of microbial growth: self-inhibition in Saccharomyces cerevisiae aerobic fed-batch cultures Microb Cell Fact, 14 (2015), p. 109
[2]
T. Pfeiffer, A. Morley An evolutionary perspective on the Crabtree effect. Front Mol Biosci, 1 (2014), pp. 1–
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