1,721,045 research outputs found
Architecture and Technologies for the Internet of Things
No full textThe Internet of Things (IoT) paradigm can been defined as a "network of networks" of devices interconnected in an Internet-like structure, generally denoted as Smart Objects, cooperating to collect data and provide services to users. SOs are extremely heterogeneous and differ for connectivity interfaces, battery, processing and memory capabilities, as well as dimensions, costs, and hardware features. They are typically equipped with a microcontroller, a radio interface for communication, sensors and/or actuators and, being typically battery-powered, there is a quest for energy-efficient technologies, communication/networking protocols and mechanisms. The IP protocol, and in particular IPv6, have been widely envisaged as the true IoT enablers, as they allow to bring the full interoperability among heterogeneous objects. At the application layer, CoAP protocol has been designed to bring the REST paradigm, which was originally conceived for applications based on HTTP, to the IoT and is expected to become the standard communication protocol for constrained applications. Research has now gone beyond the hardware and protocols barriers, providing several solutions for building IoT networks and opening a new challenge: the definition of effective paradigms and mechanisms aimed at integrating the IoT in common people's life. This challenge is very complex from a communication perspective, as it involves all layers of the protocol stack. A few examples of aspects to deal with are: the choice of SOs connectivity; the mechanisms for automatic endpoints discovery; the resources representation; final users application design; and the models of interaction between SOs and people. Related to the SOs connectivity, by definition, IoT concept encourage the reuse of existing communication paradigms, adding adaptation mechanisms, when needed. An example is represented by the adoption of the PLC as wired access technology. Another interesting technology for IoT is SDN, that can help in configuring and managing the backhaul network connecting different access domains. From the data point of view, an important aspect is the possibility to manage all sensed and gathered data in a smart and practical way. In this context, a possible solution is given by Big Data approaches, developed in the last few years and become popular due to the evolution of online and social/crowd services, which are able to address the need to process extremely large amounts of heterogeneous data for various purposes. However, these techniques typically have an intrinsic inertia (as they are based on batch processing) and focus on the data itself, rather than providing real-time processing and dispatching. For this reason, Big Data approaches might not be the right solution to manage the dynamicity of IoT scenarios with real-time processing. In order to better fit these requirements, it is needed to shift the Big Data paradigm to a new paradigm, denoted as "Big Stream", more oriented to the massive rate of data proper of IoT scenarios
Conclusions and future perspectives
No full textThe aim of the chapters contained in this book has been to introduce, overview, and discuss the concept of wireless mesh network (WMN) and its adoption in different heterogeneous contexts and scenarios. We have highlighted how this network topology has (and will have in the future) several implications in the architecture's modeling and requires to take decisions and actions at different layers
A Cloud-Oriented Indoor-Outdoor Real-Time Localization IoT Architecture for Industrial Environments
No full textLocalization services for precise and continuous monitoring of the locations of both humans and vehicles in industrial environments are among the most relevant applications in Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) contexts, to maximize safety and optimize operational activities. Unfortunately, localization in industrial scenarios is particularly challenging because targets can generally move freely in both indoor and outdoor areas. In this paper, we propose a localization monitoring architecture based on a prototypical wearable IoT device equipped with Ultra-Wide Band (UWB), inertial, and GNSS/RTK technologies for seamless localization in heterogeneous environments. We focus on a Web of Things (WoT) approach, verifying suitability and limitations in a real use case scenario. Our approach shows that the proposed architecture can effectively enhance the safety of workers, detecting potentially dangerous events and triggering alarms (e.g., via smart buzzers or gas concentration warning devices) based on a cloud WoT architecture
RouMBLE: A Sink-Oriented Routing Protocol for BLE Mesh Networks
No full textIn Internet of Things (IoT)-like contexts, there is often the need to leverage traffic routing mechanisms among heterogeneous devices, especially when classical (and well-known) addressing paradigms cannot be adopted or supported by constrained IoT devices deployed on the field (e.g., due to memory footprint, internal limitations, etc.). This is even more true (and necessary) when nodes interact in unstructured networks (e.g., mesh-like) lacking a specific topology (e.g., exploiting flooding approaches to transfer information) and external "smart"devices should be allowed to interact with these networks. To this end, in this paper a multi-sink routing protocol, denoted as Routing on Mesh Bluetooth Low Energy (), is proposed. Our implementation relies on BLE advertisement channels and allows sink nodes to control topology formation and data collection (with both unicast and broadcast communications), with nodes identified with compressed addresses. A relevant experimental application to environmental lighting management is presented
A Wave-Based Request-Response Protocol for Latency Minimization in WSNs
No full textTransmission latency is a key performance metrics in most wireless sensor network (WSN) applications. Nodes in a WSN often keep their radio transceivers off, and turn them on periodically using a duty cycling mechanism. The latter is a major source of delay in the network, because transmissions must wait for the next receiver wake-up. In this paper, we present a cross-layer approach to minimize latency of a request-response (RR) protocol adopted in an IEEE 802.15.4-based WSN where the IPv6 routing protocol for low-power and lossy networks (RPLs) is used. Extra wake-ups are generated dynamically to match the predicted arrival time of the response packet, in order to reduce the duty cycling delay. The proposed approach is verified with the Cooja simulator, relying on the Contiki operating system (OS). The observed experimental results show a shorter RR delay with respect to a phase alignment (PA) approach
Harnessing Communication Heterogeneity: Architectural Design, Analytical Modeling, and Performance Evaluation of an IoT Multi-Interface Gateway
Full text linkGiven the massive deployment of Internet of Things (IoT) applications over the last decade, the need for gateways able to efficiently route information flows across multiple heterogeneous networks has emerged, bringing new challenges. Therefore, the design and implementation of IoT gateways is crucial. In this article, with reference to the architecture of a prototypical multi-interface gateway (MIG) (based on commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) devices), we evaluate its performance: 1) analytically, through an innovative Markov chain-based model; 2) by simulation, with a Python simulator; and 3) experimentally, through the (starting) COTS device-based prototype. In detail, the MIG is equipped with heterogeneous wireless communication interfaces (namely, LoRaWAN, BLE, cellular 4G Cat. 4, and IEEE 802.11 Wi-Fi 2.4 GHz) and is applicable to multiple IoT scenarios. The obtained simulation and experimental results show the validity of the proposed analytical model. Further improvements of the proposed framework are eventually discussed
Deep Learning-Based Cryptocurrency Price Prediction: A Comparative Analysis
No full textIn recent years, cryptocurrencies have gained a lot of popularity in the financial markets and now, in addition to investing on them, it is possible to use them as a common currency to meet daily needs. Given the complex nature of financial markets and their reliance on different parameters to determine stocks' and assets' prices, the ability to predict prices is important for investment decisions, especially with respect to cryptocurrencies. To this end, Deep Learning (DL)-based algorithms can be viable solutions, owing to their use as time series forecasting tools. In this paper, we investigate the applicability of DL algorithms to forecast the prices of three cryptocurrencies, namely Bitcoin, Ethereum, and Ripple. We evaluate the performance of the proposed approach, in terms of short-term and long-term prediction accuracy (considering proper error metrics)
Redundant and Loosely Coupled LiDAR-Wi-Fi Integration for Robust Global Localization in Autonomous Mobile Robotics
Full text linkThis paper presents a framework addressing the challenge of global localization in autonomous mobile robotics by integrating LiDAR-based descriptors and Wi-Fi fingerprinting in a pre-mapped environment. This is motivated by the increasing demand for reliable localization in complex scenarios, such as urban areas or underground mines, requiring robust systems able to overcome limitations faced by traditional Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)-based localization methods. By leveraging the complementary strengths of LiDAR and Wi-Fi sensors used to generate predictions and evaluate the confidence of each prediction as an indicator of potential degradation, we propose a redundancy-based approach that enhances the system\u27s overall robustness and accuracy. The proposed framework allows independent operation of the LiDAR and Wi-Fi sensors, ensuring system redundancy. By combining the predictions while considering their confidence levels, we achieve enhanced and consistent performance in localization tasks.7 pages, 5 figures. Accepted for publication in the 21st International Conference on Advanced Robotics (ICAR 2023
A Sink-oriented Routing Protocol for Blue Light Link-based Mesh Network
No full textThe need to leverage "smart" mechanisms to route data among heterogeneous devices is a key aspect in modern scenarios and applications, especially those targeting the integration of existing systems in Internet of Things (IoT)-oriented environments. To this end, the exploitation of the Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) protocol, especially its advertisement channels, allows large amount of devices to interact, collect, and exploit data for future-proof applications. Therefore, the definition of routing protocols exploiting BLE advertisement channels and being able to target different classes of BLE nodes is useful for heterogeneous IoT scenarios
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