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A semantic examination of 'DAKE' in Japanese
No full textDAKE is an extremely abstract word, whose meaning seems to
vary considerably from example to example. Sometimes it is
translated as 'only', 'just', or 'nothing but', while in other
contexts it is interpreted to mean 'as much as...' or 'as large an
amount as ...'. In yet other examples DAKE is well translated by a
proportional expression such as 'the more ... the more'. Finally,
there are cases where it seems almost impossible to determine the
semantic input of DAKE at all.
In this paper examples containing DAKE are categorized into
four basic types based on semantic as well as syntactic grounds.
These categories are useful in systematically examining the
seemingly haphazard occurrences of DAKE In natural sentences,
including those which have generally been treated as fixed
expressions which cannot be semantically decomposed.
In the light of this classification, it is proposed that
there is a single, fundamental concept underlying every instance of
the use of DAKE. This concept could be better explained as DAKE's
semantic function rather than its meaning. This semantic function conjures up the notion of a sliding scale, beginning at zero, on
which the elements which DAKE modifies (the quantities, things and
propositions) are located.
As well as proposing this basic semantic function, this
paper also observes the factors involved in yielding the diverse
interpretations of expressions containing DAKE. These are: the
inherent semantic nature of the components other than DAKE; the
syntactic environment of the expression; and the context of the
entire utterance
A semantic analysis of NP-dake V and S-dake-da
No full text筑波大学大学院Graduate student, University of Tsukuba本稿は,名詞句に接続するダケと文末に位置するダケの限定様式の違いを明らかにする。これまで「同義」とみなされてきた,ダケが名詞句に接続する名詞句ダケ文と文末に位置するダケダ文には,前者が不自然に感じられる文脈が存在する。これは,限定される要素が同じ名詞句ダケ文とダケダ文であっても,当該要素を含む〈前提集合〉のあり方が異なることに由来するものである。ダケダ文では不足感を伴うニュアンスが感じられること等が指摘できることから,それぞれの前提集合のあり方は,次のようにまとめられる。(1)名詞句ダケ文における前提集合は,発話者の憲観的尺度からの色付けがなく,単に〈同列関係〉にある事象から構成される集合である。(2)ダケダ文における前提集合は,〈発話者の主観的尺度〉に基づいて設定された,発話者の主観的色付けがなされた集合である。In this paper, I discuss the difference between the meaning of dake following a noun phrase (NP-dake V) and when placed at the end of a sentence (S-dake-da). Previous studies have explained that NP-dake V and S-dake-da describe the same situation when the scope of dake is the same. However, the two sentences have different meanings regardless of the scope of dake, and the semantic difference between them is explicit in some contexts. S-dake-da is different from NP-dake V in the following two aspects, 1) S-dake-da sentences express the grounds on which the speakers are feeling or thinking. 2) S-dake-da sentences imply the speakers' feeling of insufficiency. I assert that both NP-dake V and S-dake-da sentences single out an element from a set of elements, but the nature of the sets is different. Speakers would use NP-dake V sentences when there is no presupposed meaning to the set of elements as a whole. Elements in the set could be replaced by other elements perceived to be equivalent by objective criteria. On the other hand, speakers would use S-dake-da sentences when all elements in the set have a special meaning as a whole. Therefore, when one or more elements in the set is missing, the speaker may have a sense of insufficiency. S-dake-da sentences include noun-predicate sentences, cleft sentences, idiomatic sentences, and so on. These sentences also have the semantic feature that S-dake-da sentences have.application/pdfdepartmental bulletin pape
DAKE: Bandwidth-Efficient (U)AKE from Double-KEM
No full textBandwidth remains a major bottleneck in post-quantum cryptography, particularly for authenticated key exchange (AKE) protocols. In this work, we present DAKE, a bandwidth-efficient AKE framework built from double-KEM constructions. DAKE comes in two main versions achieving, respectively, weak and full perfect forward secrecy, as well as explicit authentication. It further admits two variants: a unilateral version, and another where a signature scheme replaces a KEM. They are proven secure in the standard model under eCKw and eCK-PFS, two strong variants of the extended Canetti–Krawczyk framework.
DAKE employs a double-KEM, a primitive that encapsulates a single key under two public keys simultaneously. Such constructions can achieve smaller encapsulation sizes than two independent KEM encapsulations, offering a significant bandwidth advantage.
To facilitate the design of double-KEMs compatible with DAKE, we introduce a chosen-key Fujisaki–Okamoto (CK-FO) transform proven in the QROM, which upgrades IND-CPA double-PKEs to IND-CCA double-KEMs while ensuring the one-sided chosen-key security required by DAKE.
As a concrete instantiation, we propose Maul, a compact double-KEM derived from ML-KEM under the Hint-MLWE assumption. Maul reuses ciphertext components to cut encapsulation size by up to 42% compared to two parallel ML-KEMs. When instantiated with Maul, DAKE achieves overall communication reductions of about 16% (mutual authentication) and 21% (unilateral), outperforming both the double-KEM AKE of Xue et al. (ASIACRYPT 2018) and standard ML-KEM-based AKEs
Dachiardite from Hokiya-Dake: Evidence of a new topology
No full textA refinement of the crystal structure of dachiardite from Hokiya-dak, Japan, shows the presence (16% modal abundance) of domains of the hypothetical structure called "modified" dachiardite by S. Merlino (1975, 1976) assocd. with domains of "normal" dachiardite. As in the Elba dachiardite, 2 acentric framework configurations are present with the same frequency in the Hokiya-dake dachiardite, so that the statistical symmetry C2/m is maintained. This feature is interpreted as a tendency (common to all zeolites) to avoid T-O-T angles of 180° in the topol. C2/m symmetry of dachiardite. As with the related structures of mordenite and epistilbite, a remarkable Al-enrichment is found in the tetrahydrons of the 4-membered ring
TORITATEJOSHI DAKE, BAKARI, DAN NOMI DALAM KALIMAT BAHASA JEPANG
No full textHusna, Akhirul Auliya Al. 2015. “Toritatejoshi dake, bakari, dan nomi dalam Kalimat Bahasa Jepang”. Thesis, Departement of Japanese Studies Faculty of Humanities. Diponegoro University. The First Advisor Elizabeth IHANR, S.S., M.Hum. Second Advisor Reny Wiyatasari , S.S., M. Hum.
In writing this thesis, the writer discussed ‘Toritatejoshi dake, bakari, and nomi in Japanese sentences’. The writer chose the title due to the lack of explanation of those words in Japanese books, therefore there were still many mistakes in using dake, bakari, and nomi. The first step in writing this thesis was collecting the data by the writer, analyzed the data, and presented the data descriptively.
Dake, bakari, and nomi in bahasa Indonesia mean hanya and it indicates limitation. Although in Indonesian those three words can be interpreted with a same word, there are actually differences in meaning and usage of those words.
Dake is a toritatejoshi which is limiting the element in a sentence that is the only element that exist and omitting another similar element. Dake can be used in many situations, such as formal and non-formal situation or in written language and verbal language. Bakari is a toritatejoshi that indicates a limitation, but with two distinctive limitating methods. First, bakari has the same meaning with dake and emphasized the element in a sentence which is the only element that exist by omitting another similar element. Bakari which has the same meaning with dake, usually can be found in a sentence containing ~ru verb or in a sentence with no verb on it. Second, bakari is limitating and emphasizing the element that indicates a repeated activity. Usually there is a ~teiru verb or activity verb. Nomi is a toritatejoshi which has the same meaning with dake. According to Professor Honda, nomi is not only used in a formal situation and in a written language, but also can be used in a verbal language, however it will gives a formal impression, this can be happened because the partner is considered as a person who has a higher degree.
Keywords: Toritatejoshi, dake, bakari, and nom
Evidence of Old English Sound Changes in Chaucer
No full textOne of the most interesting features in the whole field of English is the study of that "glorious and imperial mongrel, the English Language." Imperial in the sense that it consists of a dominant strain which is the result of a fusion of various languages; and glorious because it is not only the means of communication between countless millions of people, but also because it has preserved for civilization such productions of literature as Beowolf, the Canterbury Tales, Paradise Lost, Hamlet, Tale of Two Cities and others equally great and equally significant. Since it has been our good fortune to inherit this medium of expression of our thoughts, dreams and desires, it follows that we should take an active interest in its ancestry, its growth, and its future.ProQuest Traditional Publishing Optio
The Meaning and Function of "dake-no-koto-wa-aru"
No full textapplication/pdfIn this paper, we consider the function of the “dake-no-koto-wa-aru” in the conventional format. The result is that dake-no-koto-wa-aru reveals the speaker’s high estimation of the properties and features marked by it. It is believed that the phrase is manifested as a natural consequence, where the speaker indicates that the event which arises is recognized as the speaker is a high degree. It was revealed that it is even possible to use the phrase without understanding the general and social norms and contexts of the dake-no-koto-wa-aru and the nature and characteristics marked by it.departmental bulletin pape
Archie Campbell and the Dake Engine Company
No full textCampbell's father, Archibald I, was Mayor of Grand Haven from 1909 to 1911. He later became President of Dake Engine Company from 1924 to 1936. In this interview with Dave Seibold, Archie talks about his father and his early business, Seventh Street Foundry, which fabricated parts for Dake Engine Company. Archie also gives a detailed description of the 200 block of Franklin Avenue and the people who lived there, along with a history of the family home. He recalls when streets in town were first paved and the first flush toilets
Tilt and Strain Change Before and After the Explosion at Minami-dake, Sakurajima, in 2017
No full textDeformation source associated with each eruption at Sakurajima have been estimated beneath Minami-dake for each eruption. Deformation sources for mid-long term magma intrusion event were estimated beneath Aira caldera, Kita-dake and Minami-dake. A new observation tunnel was installed at Komen in August 2016. On November 13, 2017, an explosion with an infrasound occurred at Minami-dake at 22:07. Ground deflation was accompanied and kept for approximately five hours. Most tilt vectors showed radial pattern of deflation at Minami-dake, whereas that at Komen showed deflation at northern part of Sakurajima. We modeled the tilt and strain change except Komen. At first, we modeled the deflation based on the Mogi model. A deflation source was located beneath Minami-dake. Directions of observed and calculated tilt vectors were slightly different at western and northern stations. We then applied a sill model. A sill was located between Minami-dake and Kita-dake. Magma may migrate wider area than it has been considered during each eruption at Sakurajima. This sill model cannot explain tilt change at Komen. There might be a local displacement around Komen
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