1,720,987 research outputs found
Macrostructure and rheological properties of chemically modified residues and bitumens
No full textRheological and X-ray scattering techniques were applied to investigate how the addition of phosphorus compounds to a refinery vacuum residue (Safaniya) modifies its macroscopic behavior. The modified vacuum residue has a colloidal structure different from the original product. Rheological data show the more “gellike” nature of the modified sample in the temperature range from 0 to 40 °C. Its higher polydispersity and lower fractal dimension Df also indicate that a shift toward a more gellike state occurs. The modified sample flow properties appear to be strongly dependent on the chemical and structural modifications of the single separated fractions. Compared to the strong modifications involving the asphaltene fraction, the changes which occur to the resin fraction properties are less important
Colloidal structure of heavy crudes and asphaltene solutions
No full textMany industrial problems that arise during petroleum processing are related to the high concentration of asphaltenes. A good knowledge of the chemical composition of these macromolecules and a detailed understanding of the evolution of the colloidal structures present in oil and its derivatives can play a decisive role in improving processing facilities. Asphaltenes are defined by their insolubility in n-heptane. Soluble molecules are called maltenes which can be fractionated by liquid chromatography in so-called resins, aromatic and saturated fractions. The major part of the research carried out on these complex molecules concerned the chemical composition determination from powerful techniques measurements as for instance IR or NMR methods. Nevertheless, very little information on the colloidal structure of asphaltenes or resins in pure solvent or in real systems is accessible. The molecular weight determination was the first objective; several techniques, as vapour pressure osmometry (VPO), were used. The main conclusion of these determinations was the huge variation of the molecular weight measured by different methods. We used X-ray and neutron small angle scattering techniques in order to deduce the size polydispersity and the weight average molecular weight. Different systems as (i) asphaltenes or resins in solution with different solvents, or (ii) asphaltene and resin mixtures in suspension with good or bad solvents were investigated as a function of temperature increase. We have exhibited that the aggregation number, i.e. the number of smaller entities, can strongly vary with solvent composition and temperature. Resins appear as very good solvent for asphaltene molecules. Scattering measurements often exhibit strong scattered intensity at small scattering vector, showing the presence in the suspension of large heterogeneities in diluted solutions of asphaltenes and resins. We can suggest that these heterogeneities are due to concentration fluctuations. It exists in the diluted suspension regions more or less extended, where the asphaltene concentration is greater than the average asphaltene concentration. Cryo-scanning electron microscopy has confirmed the system inhomogeneity. A two phase system was clearly highlighted. The flocculation process was followed during n-heptane addition by scattering measurements and microscopy observations. Small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) appears as a powerful tool for non-fractionated systems, as crude oil or other heavy derivatives. Density fluctuations were observed for a vacuum residue
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Petroleum heavy ends stability: Evolution of residues macrostructure by aging
No full textRheological and small-angle scattering techniques were used to investigate the evolution of the colloidal structure of the Safaniya vacuum residue during the age hardening process. Rheological measurements revealed an increase in the molecular weight of the vacuum residue and maltene fraction after the RTFO aging test. Even the molecular-weight distribution became slightly wider, the amount of this variation being greater for aged maltenes than for the whole aged vacuum residue. Small-angle scattering results confirmed the importance of maltene aging on the whole sample viscoelastic properties; the macrostructure of asphaltenes both in solution and in a vacuum residue did not appear to be representative of the age hardening process, in contrast to previous findings
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
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