217 research outputs found
Etude de la production de mesons charmes D dans les désintégrations du boson Z observées par l'expérience DELPHI á LEP
No full textEtude de la production de mesons charmes D dans les desintegrations du boson Z observees par l'experience DELPHI a LEP
No full text
Fondements et analyse d’une approche knowledge-based view des réseaux territorialisés
No full textInternational audienc
Drug Pricing Decisions and Insurance Coverage: Evidence from Medicare Part D
No full textWe examine whether the pricing of brand drugs, relative to estimates of their clinical value, is related to the way insurers cover those products in Medicare Part D. The net prices of drugs in our sample vary significantly relative to value-based prices from the Institute for Clinical and Economic Review (ICER), indicating meaningfully different pricing strategies. Coverage decisions, formulary placement, and use of utilization management are clearly responsive to first-order differences in costs of products generally. However, among the subset of relatively high-cost products with value-based price estimates, we observe little relationship between pricing strategies and extensive margin coverage decisions. Plans that cover larger shares of lower-value products tend to have permissive coverage policies and higher resulting premiums. Among potential explanations, we highlight institutional features that may help explain these results and propose an empirical test surrounding upcoming policy changes due to the Inflation Reduction Act
Strongholds as power institutions in the early-Piast monarchy (in written sources)
No full textPaper summarizes selected source information concerning strongholds as power institutions of Polish monarchy in 10th–12th c. AD: forged foundation diploma for Mogilno Benedic¬tine abbey (with date 1065), papal bullae for Gniezno, Włocławek, Wrocław and Kraków dioceses, and relevant fragments of Gallus Anonymus and Magister Vincentius chronicles. Author considers the power system in the 10th–12th centuries’ Poland as a concise of rela¬tionships between rulers and commoners, based on the legal status of social groups as milites and peasants, and territorial governance located in strongholds (with fiscal, military and supposedly judicial competences)
- …
