122 research outputs found
Determination and haemolytic activity of saponins in hairy root culture of Platycodon grandiforum A.DC
No full textS u m m a r y The sum of saponins in the hairy root lines (6, 17) of Platycodon grandiforum A.DC. was compared. Hairy root line 6 showed a higher total saponin content (6.92%) than the line 17 (6.01%). According to the Chinese Pharmacopoeia standards the content of saponins in Platycodi Radix should be not less than 2%. Our results seem to indicate that the hairy root culture of Platycodon grandiforum A.DC. is a good source of saponins. The Haemolytic 104 N. Urbańska, J. Nartowska, A. Skorupska, D. Ruszkowski, J. Giebułtowicz, O. Olszowska Index of the hairy root line 6 was 1600. Digitonin was used as a reference. Moreover, the haemolytic activity of TLC subfractions of saponins varied
Protocol for a scoping review of fecal microbiota transplantation from patients into animals
No full textMicrobiota studies have uncovered numerous associations between human gut microbes and health-related outcomes. However, since most of these correlations were observed in cross-sectional studies, the causal infe rence is limited. The causal contribution of microbiota can be evidenced through disease induction or exacerbaiton in animal models aeftr fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) from patients. In this article we present a protocol for a scoping review on the subject of FMT from humans to animals. Besides assessing how the published studies were conducted, in that scoping review we aim to find out whether enough literature exists to conduct a systematic review of the evidence for microbiota participation in the pathophysiology of any human non-infectious disease or phenotypic trait. We will conduct searches on the Web of Science plaotfrm and databases: MEDLINE, Scopus, EMBASE. Citation chasing of included studies will be done. We will include studies assessing the eefcts of FMT collected from people with certain medical conditions on animals. Studies that recruited only healthy humans or used other animals as donors will be excluded. The results of this literature search will be tabulated and discussed. Moreover, we will provide a short list of human non-infectious diseases or traits with the highest number of FMT patient-to-animal studies. Ruszkowski J, Kachlik Z, Walaszek M, Storman D, Dębska-Ślizień A. Protocol for a scoping review of fecal microbiota transplantation from patients into animals. Eur J Transl Clin Med. 2023;6(1):87-91
Décentralisation de l'administration et décentralisation financière en Pologne populaire
No full textPeople's Republic of Poland : administrative and financiel decentralization.
The author begins by examining some general problems relating to administrative decentralization (e.g. the long survival of the pre-war model, introduction of a model for local administrations based on the Soviet concept of people's councils, the changes effected in the Gierek era) and goes on to consider recent local authority reform in Poland. This should be viewed within the broader context of the reform in the administration of the national economy, whose basic aims are increased efficiency and the democratization of the system. He analyses the solutions applied in the various branches of the administration, with particular attention to an analysis of the decentralization of finance (reform of local finances introduced under the law of 20 January, 1983).
The author concludes that the reform in local administration in Poland, introduced in 1983-84, represents a real, if fairly cautious, move towards decentralization of authority ; it should be viewed as a step in the right direction, rather than a definitive solution.Après avoir traité des problèmes généraux de la décentralisation de l'administration (longue survivance du modèle d'avant-guerre, introduction d'un modèle des pouvoirs locaux fondé sur la conception soviétique des conseils du peuple, modifications de l'époque Gierek), l'auteur aborde la récente réforme des pouvoirs locaux en Pologne. Il faut la replacer dans le contexte plus large de la réforme de la direction de l'économie nationale dont les buts fondamentaux sont l'accroissement de l'efficacité et la démocratisation du système. Il expose les solutions adoptées dans les divers domaines et analyse notamment la décentralisation financière (réforme des finances locales introduite par la loi du 20 janvier 1983).
L'auteur estime en conclusion que la réforme du pouvoir local, instaurée en Pologne en 1983-1984, constitue un pas visible, bien que relativement prudent, vers la décentralisation et la démocratisation du pouvoir. Il faut donc la considérer comme un premier pas dans une bonne direction mais non comme une solution définitive.Ruszkowski Eugeniusz. Décentralisation de l'administration et décentralisation financière en Pologne populaire. In: Revue d'études comparatives Est-Ouest, vol. 16, 1985, n°2. pp. 107-114
Demokracja ponadnarodowa w Unii Europejskiej. Wstępna analiza teoretyczna
No full textThis paper seeks answers to the following two research questions: whether it is possible to have democracy without people (here as an example of democracy at the supranational level in the EU), and what are the sources of such a democracy, if the source is not a nation, and the area is not a state? This paper provides a new approach to the theory of democracy and postulates to integrate a new type of democracy and traditional concept of democracy. The main theoretical paradigm on which the theory was based is supranationalism with elements of the theory of democracy and Multi-level Governance (MLG). Supranational democracy in the European Union is located on a supranational level of MLG, which means that it is not assigned to the state and – importantly – in practice demonstrates that it does not have to have a national character. The text presents a preliminary attempt at a theoretical analysis related to supranational democracy in the EU. In practice, the author goes towards identifying the constituent components of the concept of “supranational democracy” and the sources of this phenomenon in the European Union.This paper seeks answers to the following two research questions: whether it is possible to have democracy without people (here as an example of democracy at the supranational level in the EU), and what are the sources of such a democracy, if the source is not a nation, and the area is not a state? This paper provides a new approach to the theory of democracy and postulates to integrate a new type of democracy and traditional concept of democracy. The main theoretical paradigm on which the theory was based is supranationalism with elements of the theory of democracy and Multi-level Governance (MLG). Supranational democracy in the European Union is located on a supranational level of MLG, which means that it is not assigned to the state and – importantly – in practice demonstrates that it does not have to have a national character. The text presents a preliminary attempt at a theoretical analysis related to supranational democracy in the EU. In practice, the author goes towards identifying the constituent components of the concept of “supranational democracy” and the sources of this phenomenon in the European Union
Zdania inicjalne w powieściach Marka Krajewskiego
No full textOpening sentences raise a lot of interest of both linguists and common Polish speakers. It is evident from numerous websites in which Internet users share their observations on the best opening sentences of books (most often novels), as well as theoretical papers and writing guides. The analysis of opening sentences of ten novels by Marek Krajewski (co-author of two of them being Mariusz Czubaj) is to provide an answer to the question to what extent the utterance opening of the texts of the Wroc³aw-based prose writer fulfill the requirements to be met by such type of constructions. It turns out that most crucial are syntactic and semantic features rather than lexical ones. The clash between theoretical assumptions and the M. Krajewski’s writing practice shows that opening sentences of his novels not always fall into classical determinants of incipient formulas. It also illustrates the thesis that a skillful writer does not need to cling to theoretical assumptions to create good opening sentences and novels translated into nearly twenty languages
On Yule s Statistical Regularity (Polemical Remarks)
No full textBritish statistician G. U. Yule examined sentence lengths measured with a number words (word forms) as a characteristic of a particular prose style. He found out that in a particular author's works sentences tend to become shorter with time, i.e. in texts from la[1]ter period of creative activity sentences as a rule are shorter than in texts written earlier. In order to verify this claim I have examined sentence lengths in 4o texts of contemporary Polish artistic prose authored by 15 writers (3 or, in few cases, 2 works by one author). I have analysed 200 sentences from each text. Yule's statistical regularity was corroborated only by one author's works, which makes up for 7, 1%. However, the examination has proved another relationship - the shorter period between works of a particular author, the slighter differences in sentence lengths and vice versa
O prawidłowości statystycznej Yule'a (uwagi polemiczne)
No full textBritish statistician G. U. Yule examined sentence lengths measured with a number words (word forms) as a characteristic of a particular prose style. He found out that in a particular author's works sentences tend to become shorter with time, i.e. in texts from la[1]ter period of creative activity sentences as a rule are shorter than in texts written earlier. In order to verify this claim I have examined sentence lengths in 4o texts of contemporary Polish artistic prose authored by 15 writers (3 or, in few cases, 2 works by one author). I have analysed 200 sentences from each text. Yule's statistical regularity was corroborated only by one author's works, which makes up for 7, 1%. However, the examination has proved another relationship - the shorter period between works of a particular author, the slighter differences in sentence lengths and vice versa
Shallow dark matter cusps in galaxy clusters
No full textWe study the evolution of the stellar and dark matter components in a galaxy cluster of 10 15 M ⊙ from z = 3 to the present epoch using the high‐resolution collisionless simulations of Ruszkowski & Springel. At z = 3 the dominant progenitor haloes were populated with spherical model galaxies with and without accounting for adiabatic contraction. We apply a weighting scheme which allows us to change the relative amount of dark and stellar material assigned to each simulation particle in order to produce luminous properties which agree better with abundance‐matching arguments and observed bulge sizes at z = 3. This permits the study of the effect of initial compactness on the evolution of the mass–size relation. We find that for more compact initial stellar distributions the size of the final brightest cluster galaxy grows with mass according to r ∝ M 2 , whereas for more extended initial distributions, r ∝ M . Our results show that collisionless mergers in a cosmological context can reduce the strength of inner dark matter cusps with changes in logarithmic slope of 0.3–0.5 at fixed radius. Shallow cusps such as those found recently in several strong lensing clusters thus do not necessarily conflict with cold dark matter, but may rather reflect on the initial structure of the progenitor galaxies, which was shaped at high redshift by their formation process.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/92100/1/j.1365-2966.2012.21262.x.pd
Ponadnarodowość (Supranationalism) jako kategoria w stosunkach międzynarodowych
No full textThis paper investigates the variations in concepts of the supranationalism in the international relations and the mechanism of its constructing. Author distinguished a few levels in the process of creation of supranationalism in the international conduct. The first – states are creating of international institutions. Second – delegation of national functions on the level of international institutions. Third – Emancipating of the delegated functions on the supranational institutionalised level. Fourth – Supranational institutions are using of exclusive functions. Supranationalism constitutes the high level of international and de facto intergovernmental cooperation because this concept implies the acceleration of an ongoing proces of real integration in Europe. It is the concept very new and relatively rarely used in the international system. Author concludes with a review of some empirical developments of supranational cooperation in the European Communities. In this connection it is necessary to situate the supranationalism as a new experiment in the European Union, and especially in their institutional Framework. This Location helps recognise the role and first of all influential role of supranationalism in the context of interinstitutional relations and relations between states and supranational institutions in the EU
Trade Unions Confronted with Employee Ownership: From Competition to Cooperation
No full textThe major issue addressed in this article is union involvement in conversions to employee ownership and the impact of such ownership on union roles and functions. The main point is that employee ownership appears to generate role conflict for unions as they thus potentially represent both employees and owners. The author hypothesizes that trade unions are ready to accept the conversion of a public firm to an EOC when the union is certain of maintaining political control over the company. There are two clearly defined situations in which unions might support a conversion: a) in the case of a failing firm that converts to employee ownership to save jobs; and b) in the case where a company is converted to protect it against a takeover by private competitors
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