1,720,996 research outputs found
Model for thermal convection with uniform volumetric energy sources
No full textInternational audienceA theoretical model is derived to predict both the heat fluxes at the upper and lower horizontal surfaces of an internally heated (IH) convection cell by extending the well-known [5] theory. The approach of [1] is generalized for a fluid heated internally and uniformly, confined between top and bottom plates of equal temperature. For each plate, a Nusselt number is defined and an analytical formula is given to predict its variations with the Rayleigh and Prandtl numbers. The turbulent flow produced in the upper half of the IH convection cell is very similar to that observed in standard Rayleigh-Bénard (RB) convection. On the contrary, the lower plate is swept by the large scale flow that circulates through the entire cell. The corresponding boundary layer is therefore modelled by a laminar boundary layer of the Blasius type. These predictions are confirmed by previous experimental and numerical results
Dynamics of densimetric plumes and fire plumes in ventilated tunnels
No full textCette thèse a pour objectif la caractérisation de la vitesse de ventilation critique dans un tunnel ventilé longitudinalement lorsque survient un incendie. La vitesse critique est définie comme la vitesse de ventilation minimale pour laquelle l’ensemble des fumées nocives est repoussé à l’aval de l’incendie. Les méthodes utilisées sont théoriques, expérimentales et numériques. Dans une première approche, l’incendie est modélisé par un rejet de fluide plus léger que l’air ambiant. Dans les expériences, il s’agit soit de l’air chaud, soit d’un mélange d’air et d’hélium ce qui permet d’étudier les effets dits non-Boussinesq, c’est à dire induits par une large différence de densité entre le rejet flottant et l’air ambiant. Une modélisation théorique simple est également donnée afin d’expliquer les variations de la vitesse de ventilation critique en fonction des conditions à la source du rejet (flux de flottabilité et géométrie). Un bon accord est observé entre les résultats expérimentaux et le modèle théorique aussi bien pour les rejets dits forces (jets) que pour les rejets dits flottants (panaches). Des simulations numériques ont été également menées afin de fournir une comparaison quantitative des vitesses critiques obtenues dans le cas d’un incendie modélisé par un panache et le cas d’un feu. L’apparition d’une vitesse dite ’super-critique’ observée dans la littérature dans le cas de feux a été étudiée. L’effet sur la vitesse critique d’un feu de puissance faible peut très largement être modélisé par l’effet d’un rejet de fluide léger au sol. En revanche, un feu de forte puissance nécessite une modélisation des flammes et donc de puissance thermique produite en volume dans une partie non négligeable du tunnel. La présence de flammes représente donc une source distribuée de flux de flottabilité au-dessus et en aval du lieu d’injection des gaz de combustion. En conséquence, dans cette situation, le foyer ne peut être modélisé par une simple condition aux limites au sol du tunnel. L’effet sur la vitesse critique d’une éventuelle inclinaison ou pente du tunnel a été également étudié. Une inclinaison du tunnel dans le sens de la ventilation induit une diminution de la vitesse critique par rapport à un tunnel horizontal alors que pour une inclinaison en sens contraire la vitesse critique est augmentée. Cependant, cet effet dépend des conditions à la source du rejet. Pour les rejets flottants, l’effet de la pente du tunnel est important tandis que la vitesse critique devient de moins en moins dépendante de la pente au fur et à mesure que le rejet devient force. Le modèle théorique développé pour un rejet dans un tunnel horizontal a été adapté au cas avec pente et un bon accord a de nouveau été établi entre les résultats expérimentaux et le modèle théorique. Enfin, pour un feu, les simulations numériques ont montré que la pente influence très peu la vitesse critique. Dans une dernière partie, l’effet de la présence de véhicules dans le tunnel a été investigue aussi bien expérimentalement qu’avec l’outil numérique. Les véhicules sont modélisés par des blocs parallélépipédiques de différentes tailles places en amont de la source de flottabilité ou le feu. Il a été montré que seul le bloc proche de la source modifiait la valeur de la vitesse de ventilation critique alors que les blocs plus éloignés avaient une influence négligeable. De même, la vitesse critique obtenue en présence de blocs se rapproche très rapidement de celle obtenue pour un tunnel sans véhicule lorsque la distance entre la source et le bloc le plus proche augmente. Le paramètre qui influence le plus la vitesse critique est la position relative du bloc et de la source. Lorsque le bloc protège directement la source en étant placé à son côté aussi bien longitudinalement que latéralement, l’air frais de la ventilation n’impacte pas directement le rejet et la vitesse critique est augmentée par rapport à la situation sans bloc. [...]This thesis investigates experimentally, theoretically and numerically the critical ventilation velocity in longitudinal ventilated tunnels in case of a fire. The critical velocity is defined as the minimum ventilation velocity that confines the front of the backlayer of harmful buoyant gases downwind of the source of emission. The fire is first modeled by a release of light gas in ambient air. In the experiments, the light fluid is an air/helium mixture. A simple mathematical model, based on the classical plume study, is formulated to interpret the variations of the critical velocity as a function of the source conditions (momentum and buoyancy fluxes and geometry). A good agreement is observed between the experimental results and the theoretical predictions for both the momentum-driven and buoyancy-driven releases. In addition, the non-Boussinesq effects, i.e. related to large differences between the densities of the buoyant plume and the ambient fluid, could be suitably modeled. Subsequently, the difference between a buoyant plume and a fire is studied, by combining experiments and numerical simulations. The reason for the appearance of the so-called ‘super-critical’ velocity, a ventilation velocity that becomes independent of the heat release rate when it becomes large, is discussed. It is shown that small fires can be reliably modeled as buoyant densimetric plumes released at ground level. The dynamics induced by larger fires require instead the modeling of large flames and hence a volumetric source of heat and buoyancy within the tunnel. In the simulation of fires, when the heat release rate is increased, the volume of combustion also increases, but the critical velocity remains nearly constant, which validates the appearance of the ‘super-critical’ velocity. The effect of tunnel inclination on the critical velocity is then studied. The influence of slope (defined as negative when the entrance of fresh air is at a lower elevation than the source) on the movement of smoke is mainly related to the role of the component of buoyancy along the tunnel axis. A positive slope helps the formation of the backlayer, while a negative slope helps reaching the critical condition. However, this effect depends on the source condition. Our experiments and numerical simulations on densimetric plumes suggest that the dynamical condition at the source affects the critical velocity of a buoyant plume: when the buoyant plume is momentum-driven, the influence of slope is small; when the buoyant plume is buoyancy-driven, the influence of slope is large. This behavior can be well described by a theoretical model based on the previous model of the critical velocity in a horizontal tunnel. These results have been extended to the case of fires by conducting numerical simulations and there is again a good agreement between the observed results and the theoretical model. In particular, the ratio of the critical velocities obtained for an inclined and an horizontal tunnel is independent of the power of the fire. Finally, the effect of vehicular blockage on the critical velocity is studied experimentally and numerically. The vehicles are modeled by blocks of different sizes placed upstream of the buoyancy or fire source. It is shown that only the block close to the source affects the critical velocity, whereas the effect of other blocks of the same size located further upstream is negligible. As the fire-blockage distance becomes larger, the critical velocity changes and becomes close to the value in an empty tunnel. The relative position between the blocks and the fire source has large influence on the critical velocity. When the blocks are placed at the center laterally, the ventilation flow cannot reach the fire plume directly, a larger critical velocity is needed compared with that in a corresponding empty tunnel. [...
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Model for classical and ultimate regimes of radiatively driven turbulent convection.
No full textIn a standard Rayleigh-Bénard experiment, a layer of fluid is confined between two horizontal plates and the convection regime is controlled by the temperature difference between the hot lower plate and the cold upper plate. The effect of direct heat injection into the fluid layer itself, for example by light absorption, is studied here theoretically. In this case, the Nusselt number (N u) depends on two non-dimensional parameters: the Rayleigh number (Ra) and the ratio between the spatial extension of the heat source (l) and the height of the fluid layer (h). For both the well-known classical and ultimate convection regimes, the theory developed here gives an analytical formula for the variations of the Nusselt number as a function of Ra and the l/h ratio. For large Rayleigh numbers and in the classical convection regime, by increasing l/h from 0 to 1/2, the Ra-dependent Nusselt number gradually changes from the standard scaling N u ∼ Ra 1/3 to the asymptotic scaling N u ∼ Ra 2/3. For the ultimate convection regime, N u gradually changes from N u ∼ Ra 1/2 scaling to an asymptotic behaviour seen only at very high Ra for which N u ∼ Ra 2. This theory is validated by the recent experimental results given by Bouillaut et al. (2019), at least in the classical regime. The predictions for the ultimate regime cannot be confirmed at this time due to the absence of experimental or numerical works on Rayleigh-Bénard convection both driven by internal sources and for very large Ra
Model for classical and ultimate regimes of radiatively driven turbulent convection.
No full textIn a standard Rayleigh-Bénard experiment, a layer of fluid is confined between two horizontal plates and the convection regime is controlled by the temperature difference between the hot lower plate and the cold upper plate. The effect of direct heat injection into the fluid layer itself, for example by light absorption, is studied here theoretically. In this case, the Nusselt number (N u) depends on two non-dimensional parameters: the Rayleigh number (Ra) and the ratio between the spatial extension of the heat source (l) and the height of the fluid layer (h). For both the well-known classical and ultimate convection regimes, the theory developed here gives an analytical formula for the variations of the Nusselt number as a function of Ra and the l/h ratio. For large Rayleigh numbers and in the classical convection regime, by increasing l/h from 0 to 1/2, the Ra-dependent Nusselt number gradually changes from the standard scaling N u ∼ Ra 1/3 to the asymptotic scaling N u ∼ Ra 2/3. For the ultimate convection regime, N u gradually changes from N u ∼ Ra 1/2 scaling to an asymptotic behaviour seen only at very high Ra for which N u ∼ Ra 2. This theory is validated by the recent experimental results given by Bouillaut et al. (2019), at least in the classical regime. The predictions for the ultimate regime cannot be confirmed at this time due to the absence of experimental or numerical works on Rayleigh-Bénard convection both driven by internal sources and for very large Ra
Model for classical and ultimate regimes of radiatively driven turbulent convection.
Full text linkIn a standard Rayleigh-Bénard experiment, a layer of fluid is confined between two horizontal plates and the convection regime is controlled by the temperature difference between the hot lower plate and the cold upper plate. The effect of direct heat injection into the fluid layer itself, for example by light absorption, is studied here theoretically. In this case, the Nusselt number (N u) depends on two non-dimensional parameters: the Rayleigh number (Ra) and the ratio between the spatial extension of the heat source (l) and the height of the fluid layer (h). For both the well-known classical and ultimate convection regimes, the theory developed here gives an analytical formula for the variations of the Nusselt number as a function of Ra and the l/h ratio. For large Rayleigh numbers and in the classical convection regime, by increasing l/h from 0 to 1/2, the Ra-dependent Nusselt number gradually changes from the standard scaling N u ∼ Ra 1/3 to the asymptotic scaling N u ∼ Ra 2/3. For the ultimate convection regime, N u gradually changes from N u ∼ Ra 1/2 scaling to an asymptotic behaviour seen only at very high Ra for which N u ∼ Ra 2. This theory is validated by the recent experimental results given by Bouillaut et al. (2019), at least in the classical regime. The predictions for the ultimate regime cannot be confirmed at this time due to the absence of experimental or numerical works on Rayleigh-Bénard convection both driven by internal sources and for very large Ra
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
- …
