1,453 research outputs found
Payments for Environmental Services in Costa Rica
Get PDFCosta Rica pioneered the use of the payments for environmental services (PES) approach in developing countries by establishing a formal, country-wide program of payments, the PSA program. The PSA program has worked hard to develop mechanisms to charge the users of environmental services for the services they receive. It has made substantial progress in charging water users, and more limited progress in charging biodiversity and carbon sequestration users. Because of the way it makes payments to service providers (using approaches largely inherited from earlier programs), however, the PSA program has considerable room for improvement in the efficiency with which it generates environmental services. With experience, many of these weaknesses are being gradually corrected as the PSA program evolves towards a much more targeted and differentiated program. An important lesson is the need to be flexible and to adapt to lessons learned and to changing circumstances.Payments for Environmental Services; Costa Rica; FONAFIFO
Social and biological reproduction of lower-income groups on the meseta central in costa rica
Get PDFThis thesis examines the social and biological reproduction of households in the sectores populares, ie low income groups, both rural and urban, in the Meseta Central, yields specific outcomes at household level: the social formation based, originally, on smallholder coffee also depends on unusually successful domestic labour. Only multidisciplinary team work could adequately evaluate reproduction at the household level and establish the crucial role of the household in the wider economic system, as well as the role of women in maintaining diverse forms of subordination. The standard of living of the groups studied was estimated from the nutritional status of the children as a basic indicator of wellbeing; explanations of this status were sought in multivariate analysis of biological, economic, and social factors. Unexpectedly, the explanatory power of such variables such as income proved weak, the explanation appearing rather to lie with the less quantifiable social factors which rendered domestic labour more or less effective. Surveys and analysis, 1981-1984, sought to establish household survival strategies; diversified household enterprise proved of great importance in a survival constantly endangered by the insecurity of temporary, part-time and seasonal work so familiar in the Costa Rican economy as a whole. The household itself, as a flexible social organisation, seems one of the best resources for livelihood in the sectores populares, along with the ‘peasant' tradition of unpaid female and child labour. Proletarianisation remains incomplete. The economic categories of traditional Marxism prove inadequate to explain the gender subordination which characterises male female relations in countries of markedly uneven development, such as Costa Rica
Tradução comentada do conto Lizards in Jamshyd's Courtyard, de William Faulkner
Get PDFDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Comunicação e Expressão. Programa de Pós-graduação em Estudos da TraduçãoEste trabalho de dissertação é fruto de estudos de teorias da tradução e teve como princípio norteador a aquisição de conhecimentos sobre aspectos relacionados com a produção da obra original, para só então definir a posição do tradutor. Somente após a contextualização da obra original e análise das características do autor concretizou-se a tradução do conto Lizards in Jamshyd's Courtyard de William Faulkner. Para manter a força do conto original não houve simplesmente a preocupação em conseguir encontrar equivalentes ou traduzir palavra por palavra, mas sim, em adentrar no jogo de significantes, de maneira a tornar a tradução o mais próximo possível do original, respeitando a heterogeneidade das situações lingüísticas e culturais existentes entre a língua inglesa do original e a língua portuguesa no Brasil, para a qual o conto foi traduzido. Muitos obstáculos foram encontrados ao longo desse processo, e a estes, foram apresentadas soluções. Tanto as hipóteses levantadas para a solução dos problemas, quanto as decisões tomadas descritas nesta pesquisa estão ancoradas nos princípios teóricos de Lawrence Venutti, Georges Mounin, John C. Catford e Antoine Berman. This essay has its origins in studies about translation theories and in the knowledge acquisition about the aspects related with the production of the original work. Just after those studies, was established the position as translator. And only after the contextualization of the original work and the analysis of the author characteristics it was started the translation process of the tale Lizards in Jamshyd's Courtyard written by William Faulkner, this tale is part of the novel Hamlet written by the same author. To maintain the strength of the original tale there was not just a concern about getting equivalents or translating word by word , but was to be very close to the characteristics of the original tale; considering what is heterogeneous in the linguistic and cultural situations between the English language in which the original tale was written, and the Portuguese language from Brazil where the tale has been translated. The hypothesis, the possible solutions to the problems found, and the decisions taken in this research are based on: Lawrence Venutti, Georges Mounin, John C. Cattford and Antoine Berman's theories
Lubricated sliding wear behaviour of aluminium alloy composites
No full textInterest in aluminium alloy (Al-alloy) composites as wear resistant materials continues to grow. However, the use of the popular Al-alloy-SiC composite can be limited by the abrasive nature of the SiC, leading to increased counterface wear rates. This study reports new Al-alloy composites that offer high wear resistance, to a level similar to Al-alloy-SiC. Aluminium alloy (2124, 5056) matrix composites reinforced by nominally 15 vol.% of Cr3Si, MoSi2, Ni3Al and SiC particles were prepared by a powder metallurgy route. The aluminium alloy matrix was produced by gas atomisation, and the Cr3Si, MoSi2 and Ni3Al were prepared by self-propagating high temperature synthesis (SHS), while the SiC was from a standard commercial supply. Following blending, the particulates were consolidated by extrusion, producing a homogenous distribution of the reinforcement in the matrix. Wear testing was undertaken using a pin-on-ring configuration against an M2 steel counterface, with a commercial synthetic oil lubricant, at 0.94 m/s and a normal load of 630 N, corresponding to initial Hertzian contact pressures of 750–890 MPa (the exact value depending on the material properties). Specific wear rates at sliding distances exceeding 400 km were in the range 4.5–12.7 × 10?10 mm3/Nm. The monolithic alloys gave the highest specific wear rates, while the MoSi2 and Cr3Si reinforced alloys exhibited the lowest. The worn surface has been analysed in detail using focused ion beam (FIB) microscopy to determine the sub-surface structural evolution and by tomographic reconstruction of tilted scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images, to determine the local worn surface topography. Consequently, the wear mechanisms as a function of alloy composition and reinforcement type are discussed.<br/
How important will different types of compensation and reward mechanisms be in shaping poverty and ecosystem services across Africa, Asia and Latin America over the next two decades
Get PDFImpact of Large Amounts of Photovoltaic Installations in Low-Voltage Networks on Power System Stability During Transmission System Faults: A German Case Study
No full textIt is expected that the share of renewable energy sources will increase to meet rising demand. One of the challenges integrating this distributed generation (DG) into the power system is the behaviour of low voltage connected DG in case of a transmission system fault. This research aims to give recommendations for low voltage (LV) grid codes to improve system stability in case of transmission system faults in systems with very high penetration of distributed generation. The study horizon is 2022. A comprehensive benchmark system is designed, ranging from the low (400 V) to extra high (380 kV) voltage levels. Three distribution system types representative of Germany are developed. Positivesequence, root mean square stability simulations are performed for current (2012) and future (2022) scenarios in the commercial DIgSILENT PowerFactory 15.1 software. Sensitivity analyses are performed for pre-fault operating point and, for the 2022 scenario, the fault control mode of the low voltage connected photovoltaic systems. To reduce complexity of the test system and facilitate the simulations, the low voltage and medium voltage (20 kV) networks are aggregated. The research shows that LVRT requirements should be set for converter coupled DG in the low voltage network. Due to their high penetration, the loss of active power with current regulations is likely to cause major frequency stability issues in the future. Due to their low penetration and difficulties remaining transiently stable, no LVRT requirements should be posed for directly coupled synchronous generators that are connected inside a low voltage feeder. Those connected at a substation can ride through faults as long as they remain transiently stable.Electrical Sustainable EnergySustainable Energy TechnologyApplied Science
Habilidades administrativas y liderazgo transformacional: una revisión bibliométrica
Get PDFToday's organizations require leadership models that respond to current demands, recognizing managerial skills and transformational leadership as key tools for those who play the strategic role. In this way, the present study is developed in order to describe scientific production around the research topic "Administrative skills and transformational leadership in Colombia". At the methodological level, it is mentioned that a bibliometric review study is developed, which was carried out using the Scopus metasearch engine, obtaining a group of 392 documents, after having filtered by the areas of knowledge related to the subject, such as the administration areas. and economy, the key terms used were "transformational leadership" OR "management skills" AND Colombia, and the search was limited to the years 2012-2022. Among the results it is mentioned that the most prevalent type of document are scientific articles with 82%, the highest production on the research topic was presented in 2021 with 80 papers, one of the journals with the highest index of impact is Management Studies and one of the authors with the highest H index was Contreras F. with an indicator of 3 points, along with Naranjo-Valencia J.C. and Salgado E. Once the results have been obtained, it is concluded that scientific production has increased significantly in recent years, directly related to the innovation of leadership processes in organizations in Colombia, leaning towards a transformational model that has shown significant impacts demonstrated by scientific evidence.Las organizaciones de hoy en día requieren de modelos de liderazgo que respondan a las exigencias actuales, reconociendo las habilidades directivas y el liderazgo transformacional como herramientas clave para quien funge el rol estratégico. De esta forma, el presente estudio se desarrolla con el objeto de describir la producción científica alrededor del tema de investigación: “Habilidades administrativas y liderazgo transformacional en Colombia”. A nivel metodológico, se menciona que se desarrolla un estudio de revisión bibliométrica el cual se realizó utilizando el meta-buscador Scopus, obteniendo un grupo de 392 documentos, después de haber filtrado por las áreas del conocimiento afines al tema, como lo son las áreas de administración y economía, los términos claves utilizados en el idioma inglés fueron "transformational leadership" OR "management skills" AND Colombia, y se delimitó la búsqueda de los años 2012-2022. Entre los resultados se menciona que el tipo de documento que más prevalece son los artículos científicos con un 82%, la producción más alta sobre el tema de investigación se presentó en el año 2021 con 80 trabajos, una de las revistas con el mayor índice de impacto es Estudios Gerenciales y uno de los autores con mayor índice H, fue Contreras F. con un indicador de 3 puntos, junto a Naranjo-Valencia J.C. y Salgado E. Una vez obtenidos los resultados se concluye que la producción científica ha aumentado de forma significativa en los últimos años, ello directamente relacionado a la innovación de los procesos de liderazgo en las organizaciones en Colombia, inclinándose hacia un modelo transformacional que ha mostrado impactos significativos demostrados por evidencia científica
Factores determinantes de la deserción tardía y la graduación en la Universidad de la Costa CUC
Get PDFStudent Dropout is one of the most important problems on education worldwide. It is devastating for economic development as in it, Universities and professionals play a significant role in innovation and research, great impulsers of economy and social equity in today’s society of knowledge. Tenure and graduation become important topics in order to achieve a quality education. Droput, tenure and graduation depend on multiple involvements, and reunite a multiplicity of factors. The current Project aims to analyze the factors that determine late dropout and graduation on students of Universidad de la Costa CUC. This study plains to perform an explicative analysis. For this purpose, an intentional probabilistic sample was made with students of 9th, 10th semesters and non-graduate students. Cuantitative techniques were used, such as structured interviews and surveys, to allow the conceptual approach to the object of study. Results show that individual, socioeconomic, academic and institutional factors constitute a matter of impact on Dropout and Graduation.La deserción es uno de los principales problemas de la educación superior a nivel mundial, tiene repercusiones en el desarrollo económico dado el papel que las universidades y sus profesionales juegan en la innovación e investigación como impulsores de la economía en la sociedad del conocimiento. Por lo anterior, la permanencia y graduación se convierten en temas de interés para el desarrollo de una educación de calidad. Estos eventos dependen de múltiples implicaciones, motivo por el cual este proyecto de investigación tiene como objetivo analizar los factores determinantes de la deserción tardía y la graduación en los estudiantes de la universidad de la costa CUC, en este estudio se planteó realizar un análisis explicativo, para ello se realizó un muestreo probabilístico intencional con estudiantes de noveno, decimo semestre y estudiantes egresados no titulado utilizando técnicas de recolección cuantitativas, aplicando encuestas estructuradas que permitan la aproximación conceptual con el objeto de estudio. Los resultados confirman el impacto conjunto que tienen los factores individuales, socioeconómicos, académicos e institucionales sobre la deserción y la graduación.Garcia Mendoza, Kadry Liceth-0000-0002-4090-8094-60
Payments for Environmental Services: To whom, where, and how much?
Get PDFIn this paper we consider different strategies for implementing a payment for environmental services (PES) program to mitigate deforestation in Mexican common property forests (ejidos). We begin by discussing the policy context within which PES programs find themselves, highlighting other possible interventions to help preserve environmental amenities in Mexico. We then discuss some basic principles of environmental payment schemes, formalizing these into three that we simulate: payment of the opportunity cost for forests at risks; payment for environmental benefits provided by forests at risk; a flat payment scheme with a cap on allowable hectares, similar to the type of program often applied in developing countries; and a program of opportunity cost payments for forest at risk with highest environmental benefit per dollar paid. We find that, of these three, the last is most efficient and the second most egalitarian. We also repeat a simulation of the third scheme using predicted, rather than actual risk, which circumvents the problem of strategic behavior on the part of recipient communities but introduces some error into the targeting process. Finally, we consider the characteristics of communities that receive payments from the most efficient program, finding that larger and more remote ejidos receive the lion's share of the budget, but that payments to them are not necessarily more efficient. This scheme also gives more, though smaller on a per capita basis, payments to poor and indigenous communities, where they are more efficient than those to non-poor and non-indigenous ejidos.Environmental Economics and Policy,
New environmentally friendly Ba-Fe-O thermoelectric material by flexible laser floating zone processing
No full textCeramics with nominal BaFe12Ox composition were processed through laser floating zone technique from 25 to 200 mm/h growth rates. These processing conditions were found to promote microstructural differences between the outer and inner parts of the rods, being more pronounced at higher growth rates. Along with the higher microstructural inhomogeneity, the samples grown at 100 and 200 mm/h display reasonable n-type thermoelectric properties provided by BaFe18Ox phase formation. Their highest power factor measured at 800 °C is comparable to the best observed so far in oxide ceramic materials, with additional advantage of high abundance and low costs of Fe2O3, and BaCO3 precursors.A. Sotelo, M. A. Madre, J. C. Diez, and M. A. Torres acknowledge the Gobierno de Aragon (Grupos de Investigacion Consolidados T12 and T87), and the MINECO-FEDER (MAT2013-46505-C3-1-R) for funding. N.M. Ferreira, A.V. Kovalevsky and F.M. Costa acknowledge the i3N (UID/CTM/50025/2013) and CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials (UID/CTM/50011/2013), financed by FCT/MEC and FEDER under the PT2020 Partnership Agreement. The support from FCT (Portugal) grants SFRH/BPD/111460/2015 and IF/00302/2012, are also acknowledged.Peer reviewe
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