1,721,026 research outputs found
Analisi epidemiologiche come informazione sanitaria di governo
No full textVererà inserito all'apertura delle bibliotech
L'approccio epidemiologico allo studio degli effetti dell'inquinamento atmosferico sulla salute umana
No full textVerrà inserito appena riaprirannio le bibliotech
Durata dell'immunità antitetanica in relazione al numero di dosi di vaccino
No full textDa aggiungere non appena riapriranno le bibliotech
Problems in the assessment of human exposure to tetrachlorodibenzodioxin (TCDD): the marker chloracne
No full textAn epidemiological study, aiming to assess the extent of the exposure to tetrachlorodibenzodioxin (TCDD) of the population involved in the Seveso accident, needs an effective information system, able to answer the questions usually asked--such as: why? what? who? where? when? how long?--and therefore concerning the wide range of the expected events, from the early cases till the ones expected in the long term. The paper is concerned with evaluation of possible use of chloracne as indicator of human exposure to TCDD, taking into account from one hand chloracne itself (i.e. its latency period, sensitivity, specificity, predictive value of diagnosis, etc) and, from the other, the development of the observational process. Moreover, the paper points out the role of the dermatological findings as representative--more than and before the other clinical findings--of the exposure conditions in the polluted area. The group of subjects classified as "chloracne" by the end of the second screening (May, 1977) included 187 cases, 164 of which were children 0-14 yrs old by the 10th of July 1976; 34 out of 164 were diagnosed in September-December 1976, the other 130 were diagnosed within the screening program. The results of a survey concerning their exposure data, clinical and laboratory findings are detailed. Finally, some remarks are made related to the quality of data. The authors emphasize that the reliability of assessment of health status of the exposed population depends not only upon a comprehensive a posteriori analysis of the different sets of clinical findings, but also upon the degree of integration of the professional staffs involved at operational levels.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS
Analisi epidemiologiche come informazione sanitaria di governo
No full textI settori dell'intervento epidemiologico, oggi, si compendiano: nelle indagini epidemiologiche descrittive; nelle indagini epidemiologiche analitiche; nelle indagini valutative che, a loro volta, si articolano in studi di efficacia e di efficienza degli interventi e dei servizi. Se le indagini epidemiologiche della prima metà del nostro secolo privilegiavano aspetti descrittivi, le più recenti sono classificabili in maggior misura tra quelle di epidemiologia analitica. Un importante capitolo delle indagini di efficacia è quello rivolto alla verifica di una tipica procedura di prevenzione secondaria quale lo “screening”, da troppe parti utilizzata in modo acritico, e ritenuta esauriente solo perché gratificante. Tra le condizioni che devono realizzarsi affinché gli interventi sanitari si concretizzino in modo organico e coerente, si possono individuare: l’attivazione di un processo di programmazione sanitaria e lo sviluppo di un adeguato sistema informativo. Questi obiettivi si avvalgono dei due aspetti della ricerca epidemiologica più sopra ricordati: l’approccio descrittivo ed analitico da un lato e l’indagine valutativa dall’altro. Gli autori concludono che, nonostante il messaggio epidemiologico non sia più in grado, come nei decenni trascorsi, di influenzare l’azione pubblica con risultati clamorosi in termini di benefici sanitari, e malgrado l’epidemiologia sia talvolta oggetto di utilizzazioni arbitrarie o strumentali, essa pur rappresenta un mezzo conoscitivo e valutativo essenziale per realizzare una corretta strategia sanitaria
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Impact of disinfection processes on bacterial community in urban wastewater: Should we rethink microbial assessment methods?
No full textThe development of new methods and technologies for microbial characterization as well as their increasing availability at more affordable costs, has made evident the limitations of the conventional and routinely applied (typically cultivation based) methods to exhaustively and fully characterize the actual effect of disinfection process in urban wastewater treatment plants (UWWTPs). Such problem is even more relevant and of concern if microbial challenges, such as the occurrence of pathogens as well as the spread of antibiotic resistance, are taken into account. Such threats move scientists to investigate new and more effective disinfection processes from one side and new methods, techniques and approaches to characterize disinfection process efficiency from the other side. In this opinion paper, the limitations of routine detection methods are discussed according to the relevant and updated scientific literature to explain how research oriented methods and technologies (namely, quantitative real-time PCR, flow cytometry, metagenetics and metagenomics) can allow a better evaluation of disinfection processes. After a short introduction to the main disinfection processes, the application of different microbial characterization methods is discussed according to distinct challenges, such as pathogens inactivation or antibiotic resistance dissemination, when wastewater safety is of concern (for example in reuse scenarios). The routine and research oriented techniques can be successfully used in complementary way to evaluate disinfection process efficiency. Recommendations for UWWTPs managers for internal control of disinfection process are proposed
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