1,721,134 research outputs found
Fast Solutions Strategies for Integral Equations in Electromagnetics with Applications to Brain Computer Interfaces
Full text linkL'abstract è presente nell'allegato / the abstract is in the attachmen
An evolutionary perspective on health innovation systems
No full textHealthcare, Innovation system, Medical innovation, Clinical services, B52, D83, I10, O30,
Multi-industry labour force skills: Structure and dynamics
No full textResumen extendido del trabajo presentado al EU-SPRI Forum Conference: Management of Innovation Policies: new forms of collaboration in policy design, implementation and evaluation, celebrado en Madrid (España) del 10 al 12 de Abril de 2013.The field of innovation studies contributes significantly to our understanding of the extent to which knowledge drives economic development. The main tenet contemplates three articulations: the multiplicity of forms of knowledge that are generated within evolving economic systems; the variety of processes by which knowledge is organized and diffused; and, the contexts in which different kinds of knowledge are put to use. Ample empirical evidence demonstrates that the most salient mark of knowledge growth is persistent diversity at various levels of aggregation including firms (Bottazzi, et al 2002; Bottazzi and Secchi, 2003; Dosi et al, 2008), industries and sectors (Pavitt, 1984; Mowery and Nelson, 1999; Malerba, 2002), regional (Cooke et al, 1997) and national systems of innovation (Nelson, 1993; Carlsson et al, 2002). The causes of this diversity cannot be reduced to a single factor but, rather, are ascribed to complementary transformations in the knowledge base, the networks of actors and institutional infrastructures (Nelson, 1994; Malerba, 2005). In turn these changes trigger a selection of organizational problem-solving routines that, eventually, accentuates the particular pattern of resource commitment within the innovation system (Amable, 2003; Hall and Soskice, 2001; Whitley, 2007). All the above contributes to the view of cross-industry heterogeneity as autocatalytic engine of capitalistic development (Metcalfe, 2003). Existing empirical studies on the subject matter take an indirect route to the analysis of knowledge dynamics, and focus on how particular organizational forms associate to “output” such as e.g. productivity, number of patents, profits growth rates, et cetera. This paper proposes an alternative perspective on cross-industry heterogeneity by using a “throughput” measure of knowledge organization, namely the skills that are embodied in the labour force. Drawing on Richardson‟s (1972) view of industry as a collection of activities we propose that occupations are institutional vehicles for the coordination of knowledge, and that the configuration of industry-specific knowledge is determined by a mutual adaptation of the workforce‟s skills and tasks. Akin to a DNA code, the mapping of knowledge structures is useful to the effect of detecting specificities and commonalities across industrial sectors. This framework is probed empirically by analysing data on 290 industrial sectors in the United States (US) over the period 2002-2011 to address two specific questions: (1) How do skill configurations associate to industry groups? (2) What is the dynamic behaviour within and across industry groups over time?The present paper contributes various strands of previous literature. First, the notion that the structure of the workforce is an indicator of the organization of industry-specific knowledge highlights a gap, since the relation between labour and technical change is arguably underdeveloped in the area of innovation studies. In relation to this Rosenberg (1976: 86) called attention to the importance of exploring how patterns of resource development and use trigger „qualitative changes in the human agent as a factor of production‟. Our paper operationalizes this thread by identifying specific categories of practical know-how that resonate with recent works on skills (Giuri et al, 2010; Neffke and Henning, 2013). Second, the focus on cross-industry differences adds an important nuance to the prevalently macro approach to the dynamics of occupations (e.g. Howell and Wolff, 1992; Autor et al, 2003) by yielding a novel landscape of industry groups based on the cognitive contents of their activities. Lastly, the paper builds on and moves forward previous exercises of industry classification (e.g. Pavitt, 1984; Castellacci, 2008; Peneder, 2010) by offering a dynamic view that goes beyond the traditional taxonomy of „sectoral types‟ and that is instead based on the types of transformative processes that industrial sectors undergo over time.
The paper is structured as follows. Section 2 prepares the ground by connecting industry dynamics with occupational structures as vehicles to apply specific knowledge. The empirical analysis of Section 3 uncovers the association between skill structures and industry types. Section 4 concludes and summarizes.Peer Reviewe
The geography of green technological invention: a life cycle perspective
No full textThe chapter introduces a new technology life cycle indicator that measures the stage of maturity of green technologies. The life cycle heuristic is applied to investigate the geographical dimension of green inventive activities and to map them across European regions according to the maturity of the technology. To do so, we exploit the wealth of information provided by patent data to create an original indicator that captures the pace at which green inventive activities grow and diffuse across regions. By combining these two dimensions we can define the life cycle stage of each green technology
International trade and climate change. Part of the problem or part of the solution?
No full textThe relationship between trade and climate change is very complex and linkages occur in several directions. There are both direct and indirect mechanisms and the global characteristic of climate-related impacts and responsibilities improves such complexity within the political debate. To this purpose, a deep knowledge of linkages across sectors and regions as well as within different policy spaces is a requirement for assessment exercises of climate and/or trade-related policies. The aim of this literature review is to present an overview of the different impacts and channels that should be addressed in policy evaluation from both a theoretical and practical point of view. The analysis is divided in three parts. The first one (Sections 1-2-3) is dedicated to describing a taxonomy of the different impacts, linkages and transmission channels that could be traced both in a global or more local perspective. The second part (Sections 4-5-6) investigates those quantitative models that are commonly used for economic analyses when the climate and trade- related aspects are jointly included. The description of practical cases studies as applications of the different models provides some guidelines for detecting the best computational solution according to the nature of the problem under investigation. The third part presents some specific issues that are currently debated in policy negotiations, especially within the European Union, including the introduction of counterbalancing measures as a border tax adjustment (Section 7), the role of innovation trajectories and technology transfer (Section 8) and the most recent developments in the political analysis of the interactions between the rules settled by the international climate policy agenda as the Paris Agreement and the world trade policy framework represented by WTO rules (Section 9). Given the vast literature today available on this topic, while considering the multiple linkages from a comprehensive perspective is needed to have a full picture of all potential impacts, it is of primary relevance the choice of the point from which the policy impact evaluation exercise should start, that in turn depends on the objectives of the policy itself. If a trade policy is under scrutiny, the quantitative analysis should start from the multilateral and/or bilateral economic relationships and then assessing the indirect impact on climate change. On the opposite, if the reduction of damages related to climate change is the primary policy goal, the effectiveness of mitigation or adaptation policies should be weighted by the relative economic impacts associated to trade linkages. To this purpose, the document ends with four tables with different taxonomies of scientific contributions dealing with the climate and trade- related policy nexus with different quantitative methodologies and temporal perspectives, including ex-post and ex-ante analyses and also trade flows decomposition under a global value chain approach
Employment and skill configurations in KIBS sectors: a longitudinal analysis
Full text linkKnowledge-Intensive Business Services (KIBS) are specialized suppliers of intermediate inputs with expertise in locating, developing, combining, and applying generic knowledge to specific needs. The sectors in which these firms operate have experienced extraordinary growth over the last two decades both in terms of employment share and of value added, and are often referred to as key hubs within the modern knowledge-based society. This chapter offers a review of scholarly perspectives on the growth trajectory of KIBS, and elaborates an empirical analysis to explore in detail commonalities and differences across this diverse group of sectors. © Springer-Verlag London 2015
A taxonomy of multi-industry labour force skills
Full text linkThis paper proposes an empirical study of the skill repertoires of 290 sectors in the United States over the period 2002–2011. We use information on employment structures and job content of occupations to flesh out structural characteristics of industry-specific know-how. The exercise of mapping the skills structures embedded in the workforce yields a taxonomy that discloses novel nuances on the organization of industry. In so doing we also take an initial step towards the integration of labour and employment in the area of innovation studies
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
The regional green potential of the European innovation system
No full textThe brief provides an overview of green technological development across European regions employing the Economic Fitness Complexity approach to establish a green technology space. The study explores the associations between comparative advantage in specific technological domains and a region’s capacity to develop green technologies, i.e. its Green Fitness. Furthermore, it addresses the interaction between the green and non-green knowledge bases, with a particular focus on whether regional know-how in the non-green technological realm can be exploited in the green domain and vice versa. To this aim, a metric of regional Green Potential is proposed. The analysis suggests that regions specialised in green domains, irrespective of their complexity, have a higher propensity to develop technologies connected with green technologies. Green technologies are linked mostly to technologies related to the production or transformation of materials; with engines and pumps; and with construction methods. The regions with the highest Green Potential are not necessarily those with the highest Green Fitness. The results suggest that there is a potential for green and non-green technological advances to generate positive spillovers in terms of capabilities to produce innovations across the spectrum of technological complexity
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