1,721,058 research outputs found
Introduction to <i>Research Handbook on Self-Employment and Public Policy</i>:shifting patterns and policy issues
Get PDFThe face of self-employment is undergoing profound changes worldwide. While self-employed labour is mainly declining in low- and middle-income economies, an actual increase can be observed in various high-income economies. In both the academic and policy literature there is an ongoing debate about whether and when self-employment, and growth of self-employment, is a positive or negative social and economic phenomenon. The aim of this book is to develop a base of facts that could be used to advance the quality and outcome of policy debates in the area of self-employment. The chapters all contribute in important ways to this new and growing field of scholarship. In this introductory chapter we start by outlining changing patterns in self-employment over time, we discuss earlier research on self-employment in relation to public policy and illustrate the content and contributions in this book
Precariousness and social risks among solo self-employed in Germany and the Netherlands
No full textThe Netherlands is among the European countries with the largest increase in solo self-employment, whereas Germany has witnessed a much more moderate growth and recently even a decline. The chapter examines precariousness among solo self-employed in both countries and studies their behaviour and attitudes towards social risk. We use both unique comparative survey data and qualitative interviews. The question is addressed how solo self-employed deal with their insecure position. The findings indicate that financial resilience, social protection and (perceived) work uncertainty are often largely influenced by extant other sources of income (such as financial back-up) or expected sources of income (e.g. inheritance), which the self-employed take into account in their decision-making. Although some groups have adequately and ‘traditionally’ taken care of social risks and some have ‘alternative’ ways to deal with social risks, for a seemingly substantial group of solo self-employed social protection is a genuine sore point
Precariousness among older self-employed workers in Europe
No full textSelf-employment among older workers is diverse. Some have been self-employed much or all of their working lives, while others make the transition into self-employment after age 50 or as part of a transition into retirement. This chapter examines motives and transition moments for older workers to become self-employed and studies precariousness among older self-employed workers between 50 and 80 years of age. The question is addressed who works beyond state pension age and why. The findings in this chapter support earlier findings that relatively privileged workers, including self-employed, tend to work beyond state pension age. However, the findings also indicate that while on the one hand employees are for the most relatively protected against the necessity to extend working life beyond state pension age, on the other hand self-employed may more often have to continue working because of financial precariousness and despite poor physical conditions
Between freedom and insecurity: future challenges
Get PDFThis chapter discusses the findings from previous chapters, points to future policy challenges and presents suggestions for future research. The picture of self-employment as precarious work in Europe is diverse and far from uniform, but with respect to the different dimensions one may conclude – though with a degree of caution – that: (1) for many self-employed current income is not an immediate or pressing problem, although for some this is mostly because their income from self-employment is not the only source of income. Still, many self-employed lack the opportunity to put something aside for a rainy day; (2) in various countries, social benefits and regulatory protection are relatively poor, though very much depending on specific national conditions; and (3) uncertainty for self-employed is typically high, but also often regarded part of the job. Directions for future research include research on changes in employment biographies over time, employment insecurity and social protection
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Self-employment: between freedom and insecurity
Get PDFThis chapter initiates the conversation between theory, methods, evidence and consequences of self-employment as precarious work. We conceptualize precarious employment in the context of self-employment and approach precarious work as an employment situation in which individuals or households are unable to fulfil fundamental physiological and security needs while working as self-employed. Throughout the book we emphasize three dimensions of precariousness which seem particularly relevant in the context of self-employment: income inadequacy while working (related to concepts such as in-work poverty, low-income households and financial resilience); a lack of adequate social benefits and regulatory protection (related to concepts such as false or bogus self-employment and social security provisions); and work with a high uncertainty of continuing work (related to concepts such as work insecurity, lack of employability and financial unrest). The chapter examines developments in Europe and illustrates the content and contributions in this book
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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