1,720,961 research outputs found
Évolution du bien-être des enfants et transformations de la famille américaine.
No full textCondran (Gretchen A.), Furstenberg (Frank F.) . - Trends in child welfare and transformations in the American family Is there any detectable synchronism between trends in the number of working mothers and divorce rates or numbers of births out of wedlock and trends in the number of teenagers gaining secondary school qualifications or going into higher education, drug or alcohol consumption, committing suicide or murder and having children out of wedlock? The first factors are indicators of the changes in American families over the last thirty years, while the other factors concern the behaviour of young people which could reflect the harmful effects on generations increasingly affected by these family transformations. On the one hand, changes in the family are not regressing, marking the decline in the traditional pattern of two parents and one breadwinner. On the other hand, there has been a wide variety of changes in the behaviour of young people. Some indicators show more or less continuous improvement in the welfare of young people (proportion with secondary school qualifications) while others show a deterioration now curbed (access to higher education, alcohol and drug consumption, etc.) while yet others are a sign of continuous deterioration (murder, suicide, illegitimate births). The latter are thus the only ones that could demonstrate a correlation with family transformations. But one should be careful even in such cases since women are less affected than men and the situation of blacks and whites sometimes moves in opposite directions. Overall, the general idea of the harmful effects of changes in the family on the welfare of children should be treated with the strongest reservations.Condran (Gretchen A.), Furstenberg (Frank F.) . - Évolution du bien-être des enfants et transformations de la famille américaine Existe-t-il un synchronisme, éventuellement décalé, entre l'évolution du nombre de mères actives et du nombre de divorces ou de naissances hors mariage, d'une part, et l'évolution du nombre d'adolescents obtenant leur diplôme du secondaire ou s'inscrivant dans le supérieur, consommant drogue ou alcool, commettant suicide ou homicides, ou ayant un enfant hors mariage, d'autre part ? Les premiers éléments sont les indicateurs des changements ayant affecté la famille américaine depuis trente ans ; les seconds sont des comportements de la jeunesse qui pourraient traduire les effets néfastes subis par les générations de plus en plus touchées par ces transformations familiales. D'un côté, les changements de la famille n'ont guère ralenti, marquant le recul de la forme traditionnelle : deux parents et une seule source de revenu. De l'autre, les comportements de la jeunesse ont connu une évolution très diversifiée : certains indicateurs révèlent une amélioration à peu près continue du bien-être des jeunes (proportion de diplômés du secondaire) ; d'autres ont marqué une détérioration, aujourd'hui enrayée (accès à l'enseignement supérieur, consommation de drogue et d'alcool, etc.); d'autres enfin sont le signe d'une dégradation continue (homicides, suicide, fécondité hors mariage). Ces derniers sont donc les seuls qui permettent d'illustrer une corrélation avec les transformations familiales. Mais même dans ces cas, le constat doit être nuancé : les femmes sont moins touchées que les hommes et la situation des blancs et des noirs évolue parfois en sens inverse. Au total, l'idée générale d'une influence néfaste des changements familiaux sur le bien-être des enfants doit être prise avec de très fortes réserves.Condran (Gretchen A.), Furstenberg (Frank F.) . - Evolución del bienestar de los hijos y transformaciones de la familia americana. Los autores se prequntan sobre la existencia de un sincronismo, desfasado о no, entre la evolución del numero de madrés activas y el numero de divorcios o nacimientos fuera del matrimonio, de una parte, y entre la evolución de madrés activas y el numero de adolescentes que obtienen un diploma de enseňanza secundaria o se inscriben en ensefianza superior, que consumen drogas о alcohol, que cometen suicidios u homicidios, о que tienen un hijo fuera del matrimonio, de otra. Los primeros elementos son indicadores de los cambios que han afectado a la familia americana en los ùltimos treinta aňos; los segundos son comporta- mientos de la juventud que podrían traducir los efectos nefastos de las transformaciones fa- miliares sobre estas generaciones cada vez más afectadas рог ellas. Рог un lado, los cambios en la familia continúan y no indican un retorno a la forma tradicional: dos progenitores con una única renta. Por otro lado, los comportamientos de la juventud han seguido una evolución muy dispar: algunos indicadores revelan una mejora más o menos continua del bienestar de los jóvenes (proporción de diplomas de enseňanza secundaria), otros muestran un deterioro iniciál y estabilización reciente (acceso a la enseňanza superior, consumo de droga y alcohol, etc.) y un tercer grupo sufre una degrada- ción continua (homicidios, suicidios, fecundidad fuera del matrimonio). Este ultimo grupo es el único que permite ilustrar una correlación con las transformaciones familiares. Sin embargo, también en estos casos hay que matizar los resultados: los efectos son menores en el caso de las mujeres, y la situación de blancos y negros evoluciona en algunos casos en sen- tido inverso. En resumen, la creencia general de una influencia nefasta de los cambios familiares sobre el bienestar de los hijos debe aceptarse con fuertes réservas.F.furstenberg Franck, Condran Gretchen A. Évolution du bien-être des enfants et transformations de la famille américaine.. In: Population, 49ᵉ année, n°6, 1994. L'enfant dans la famille, vingt ans de changements. pp. 1613-1637
Declining mortality in the United States in the late nineteeth and early twentieth centuries
No full textA key debate in demographic history revolves around whether mortality declined during the late nineteenth and early twenthieth centuries in the West because of purposive actions taken by medical practitioners, public health officials and individuals or simply as on concomitant of the process of industrialization and the general rise in per capita income. Comparisons of a number of cities and subpopulations of city populations, of rural and urban areas, and of changes over time in mortality rates by age and cause are used in this paper to support the argument that direct intervention played a major rôle in the decline in mortality from a number of specific causes. Several municipal services, notably supplying cities with adequate and clean water, and providing a pure milk supply were undertaken during the time period and are related to changes in age -and cause- specific mortality rates.La baisse de la mortalité observée en Occident à la fin du XIXe et au début du XXe siècles est-elle le résultat d'actions délibérées menées par des médecins, des responsables de services de santé publique et des individus, ou tout simplement le corollaire de l'industrialisation et de l'accroissement du revenu moyen par tête ? Voilà l'un des sujets les plus controversés en démographie historique. L'étude comparative de l'évolution des taux de mortalité par âge et cause pour un certain nombre de villes, entre les sous- populations de ces villes, et entre régions rurales et urbaines, amène l'auteur à conclure que les interventions directes ont joué un rôle majeur dans la baisse de la mortalité pour certaines causes. Il établit une relation entre les services municipaux créés au cours de cette période, en particulier pour l'approvisionnement des villes en eau potable et la distribution de lait propre, et l'évolution des taux de mortalité par âge et cause.Gondran Gretchen A. Declining mortality in the United States in the late nineteeth and early twentieth centuries. In: Annales de démographie historique, 1987. pp. 119-141
Book Review: Typhoid and the Politics of Public Health in Nineteenth-Century Philadelphia, by Gretchan A. Condran
No full text
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
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