1,720,957 research outputs found
De la femme déchue à la femme infectieuse : perception sociale et répressions de la prostitution montréalaise pendant la seconde guerre
Get PDFMémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal
Dévoués ou sacrifiés ? Les parents d’enfants handicapés au Québec : luttes, adaptations, résistances (1940-1960)
Get PDFBased on a corpus of interviews and social work theses, this article examines the lives of parents of disabled children in Quebec between 1940 and 1960. It aims to determine the extent to which families raising a child with a disability were conceptualized as “Others” and marginalized by a biomedical discourse that placed the burden of disability on them. It argues that despite sometimes strained relationships with health professionals, families used various strategies to resist or adapt, thereby reducing their dependence towards the omnipresence of the therapeutic dimension in their lives.Fondé sur un corpus d’entrevues et de mémoires en service social, le présent article propose une incursion dans le passé des parents d’enfants handicapés au Québec, entre 1940 et 1960. Il vise à déterminer dans quelle mesure les familles élevant un enfant hors normes ont été conceptualisées comme « autres » et marginalisées par un discours biomédical leur faisant porter le poids du handicap. L’analyse démontre qu’en dépit de relations parfois tendues avec les professionnelles et professionnels de la santé, les familles utilisent diverses stratégies de résistance ou d’adaptation pour atténuer leur dépendance par rapport à l’omniprésence de la dimension thérapeutique dans leur parcours
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
« Au secours des petits infirmes » : les enfants handicapés physiques au Québec entre charité et exclusion, 1920-1990
Get PDFCette thèse éclaire l’histoire des enfants handicapés physiques au Québec en analysant les représentations et les services offerts à cette clientèle entre 1920 et 1990. Campée dans le courant des études critiques sur le handicap, elle vise à intégrer le handicap au cœur de la démonstration en postulant la construction sociale de cette catégorie d’analyse. Abordant un thème largement inexploré dans l’historiographie, elle enrichit l’histoire de l’enfance au Québec, tout comme celle de l’éducation, de l’assistance et de la santé. Elle s’appuie en partie sur le modèle développé par Marie-Claire Cagnolo autour des « logiques » ayant présidé au traitement des personnes handicapées. Cette étude repose en outre sur un corpus de sources varié, tant des archives d’associations philanthropiques que des documents officiels et des rapports gouvernementaux. Certains silences de l’histoire ont aussi partiellement été comblés par des entrevues auprès de témoins.
L’hypothèse principale qui sous-tend cette thèse est que la place des enfants handicapés dans la province est déterminée par une double tension, d’une part entre les logiques antagonistes d’exclusion et d’intégration et, d’autre part, entre la sphère médicale et la sphère socioéducative qui influencent l’organisation et la priorisation des services offerts à cette clientèle.
La démonstration se structure en six chapitres thématiques : après une description méthodologique, le chapitre deux se penche sur les principaux acteurs (philanthropes et gouvernements) qui ont agi auprès de cette clientèle, le chapitre trois aborde les discours sur les jeunes handicapés, tandis que les chapitres subséquents se penchent respectivement sur les services paramédicaux, puis pédagogiques et enfin récréatifs qui lui sont destinés.
Les premiers services pour les enfants handicapés physiques du Québec ont été implantés au tournant des années 1920 par des femmes de la bourgeoisie qui ont justifié cette incursion dans la sphère publique au nom du maternalisme. Ces philanthropes participent au mouvement de défense des droits des enfants « infirmes » sur la scène internationale pendant l’entre-deux-guerres. L’idée d’une emprise médicale hégémonique dans la prise en charge des jeunes handicapés, souvent défendue par les chercheurs, est ainsi relativisée par le rôle prédominant des bénévoles et leur engagement sociopolitique, du moins jusqu’aux années 1940.
Trois figures se dégagent des discours sur les enfants handicapés : la victime angélique, l’enfant-citoyen réadapté et le monstre. L’infirme vulnérable s’inscrit dans une logique paternaliste d’assistance, qui fait de la personne handicapée un objet de compassion devant susciter la charité du public. La figure du citoyen utile fait appel à une logique de réparation et de réadaptation, qui prévoit un dédommagement pour les membres de la société ne grandissant pas avec les mêmes chances que les autres. Quant au monstre, il symbolise la réaction de collectivités mues par la peur et le rejet répondant à une logique d’élimination ou d’exclusion.
Présentes dans les discours, ces diverses logiques se manifestent aussi dans la prise en charge des enfants handicapés au Québec, tant au plan de l’organisation des soins que dans l’élaboration de services pédagogiques ou récréatifs. La logique d’assistance, reposant sur une combinaison d’aide publique et privée et la nécessité de protéger les enfants, se dessine dans la réponse aux épidémies de polio des années 1930 à 1960, ainsi que dans le fonctionnement des écoles spéciales ou de camps adaptés. La tragédie de la thalidomide marque un point tournant au début des années 1960 puisque la responsabilité flagrante du gouvernement fédéral amène ce dernier à organiser et financer un programme de réadaptation, selon une logique de réparation. Ce dédommagement s’adresse cependant à une catégorie bien définie de citoyens ayant été lésés par la négligence de l’État et elle n’englobe pas l’ensemble des enfants handicapés. Seul un changement de paradigme, transformant le handicap en un problème collectif, et non plus individuel, va permettre le passage d’une logique de réparation à celle de participation et d’inclusion. Cette transition s’effectue entre 1970 à 1990, alors que l’État québécois se porte désormais garant des services offerts, selon une logique sociétale fondée sur l’inclusion et la reconnaissance des jeunes handicapés comme des sujets de droits. Ces acquis demeurent néanmoins fragiles risquant de basculer dans des mécanismes d’exclusion.
Ainsi, loin de constituer un parcours linéaire menant de la stigmatisation à la pleine reconnaissance des droits selon une progression inexorable, le passé des enfants handicapés est traversé de soubresauts, de subites avancées suivies de régressions. Les représentations péjoratives des enfants handicapés, allant du dégénéré au monstre, coexistent avec des images plus positives tel le futur citoyen ou le sujet de droits, tout comme les différentes logiques d’intégration et d’exclusion se côtoient tout au long de l’histoire, une dualité qui perdure encore de nos jours.This thesis develops our knowledge of the history of children with physical disabilities in Quebec by analyzing the representations and services offered to this clientele between 1920 and 1990. Camped in the current critical studies on disability, it aims to integrate disability at the heart of the demonstration by postulating the social construction of this category of analysis. Addressing a largely unexplored theme in historiography, it enriches the history of childhood in Quebec, as well as that of education, assistance and health. It is based in part on the model developed by Marie-Claire Cagnolo around the “logics” that have governed the treatment of people with disabilities. This study also relies on a variety of sources, from philanthropic association archives to official documents and government reports. Some silences in history have also been partially filled by interviews with witnesses.
The main hypothesis underlying this thesis is that the place of children with disabilities in the province is determined by a double tension, on one hand between the antagonistic logic of exclusion and integration, and on the other hand between medical sphere and the socio-educational sphere that determine the organization and prioritization of the services offered to this clientele.
The demonstration is structured into six thematic chapters: after a methodological description, chapter two looks at the main actors (philanthropists and governments) with this clientele, chapter three addresses the discourses on young people with disabilities, while the subsequent chapters look at paramedical, educational and finally recreational services for them.
The first services intended specifically for children with physical disabilities in Quebec have been implemented at the turn of the 1920s by women of the bourgeoisie who justified this incursion into the public sphere in the name of maternalism. These philanthropists participate in the movement to defend the rights of “crippled” children on the international scene during the inter-war period. The idea of a hegemonic medical hold in the care of young disabled people, often defended by researchers, is relativized by the predominant role of volunteers and their socio-political engagement, at least until the 1940s.
Three figures emerge from the discursive analysis: the angelic victim, the rehabilitated child-citizen and the monster. The vulnerable “cripple” is part of a paternalistic approach of assistance, which makes the disabled person an object of compassion to arouse the charity of the public. The figure of the useful citizen calls for a logic of reparation and rehabilitation, which provides compensation for the members of the society that are not growing with the same chances as the others. As for the monster, it symbolizes the reaction of communities driven by fear and rejection responding to a logic of elimination or exclusion.
These various logics are also evident in the care of children with disabilities in Quebec, both in terms of the organization of care and in the development of educational or recreational services. The logic of assistance, based on a combination of public and private support and the need to protect children, emerged in the response to polio epidemics from the 1930s to the 1960s, as well as in the operation of special schools or adapted camps. The tragedy of thalidomide marks a turning point in the early 1960s as the federal government’s blatant responsibility leads to the organization and funding of a rehabilitation program, according to a logic of reparation. However, this compensation is addressed to a well-defined category of citizens who have been wronged by state negligence and does not include all children with disabilities. Only a paradigm shift, transforming disability into a collective problem, and no longer individual, will allow the transition from a logic of reparation to that of participation and inclusion. This transition took place between 1970 and 1990, when the government of Quebec guaranteed the services offered, according to a societal logic based on social inclusion and the recognition of young people with disabilities as subjects of rights. These gains remain however fragile, at risk of falling into mechanisms of exclusion.
Far from constituting a linear path leading from stigmatization to full recognition of rights in an inexorable progression, the past of children with disabilities is marked by ups and downs, sudden advances followed by regressions. The pejorative representations of children with disabilities, ranging from degenerate to monster, coexist with more positive images such as the future citizen or the subject of rights, just as the different logics of integration and exclusion coexist throughout history, a duality that still continues today
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
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