1,912 research outputs found
New data on Late Upper Paleolithic upper limb cross-sectional geometry from Arene Candide: implications for Tardiglacial hunting practices
No full textEuropean Late Upper Paleolithic people display levels of bilateral asymmetry in humeral mechanical strength comparable to professional tennis players. This highly-characteristic trait has been associated with the use of throwing weapons to “kill at a distance”, an activity that likely required extensive training that began at a young age. Previous studies have pooled European samples to increase sample size. This pooling may have masked regional behavioral variation associated with the fragmentation of populations during the Tardiglacial period (ca. 16-10,000 BP). We collected new data on upper limb (humerus and ulna) bilateral asymmetry for torsional robusticity (via cross-sectional geometry) on four adult males (AC 2, 3, 4, 12) and one adolescent (13 y.o., AC 16) from Arene Candide (northwestern Italy). Results indicate that all adult individuals show high levels of mid-distal humeral bilateral asymmetry (40% to
110%). Ulnar asymmetry was less pronounced (50% in two individuals, 5% in the remaining two). Despite the expectations of an early onset of throwing behavior, the adolescent individual displayed low humeral (12%) and ulnar (16.5%) asymmetry. Conversely, an adult with congenital x-linked ypophosphatemic rickets displayed high humeral asymmetry (40%). The genetic disorder affecting this individual resulted in low stature, diffused enthesopathies, and bowing deformities, which likely affected his ability to perform high-mobility tasks. Yet, results are suggestive of highly-asymmetrical upper limb torsional loadings, which may indicate participation in throwing behavior. The study of functional adaptations of physically-impaired prehistoric individuals may contribute to the understanding of how they integrated into the subsistence practices of their group
Hele-Shaw rheometry
No full textIn this paper, we describe a novel approach to determine the flow behavior index of a power-law fluid by means of a microfluidic device. The concept of this method is based on a mathematical analysis by Aronsson and Janfalk [Eur. J. Appl. Math. 3, 343–366 (1992)] of Hele-Shaw flow of power-law liquids. We implement this approach by driving a non-Newtonian fluid through a glass microfluidic chip with a 100:1 contraction. The flow in this chip satisfies the Hele-Shaw flow conditions in most of the device. Two conjugate p-Laplace equations describe the pressure and stream function in such flows. These equations depend on the flow behavior index, n. Therefore, by fitting the p-Laplace equation to the velocity field obtained from a micro particle image velocimetry measurement of the flow, the flow behavior index of the fluid in the chip can be determined. Because in practice, fluids rarely show perfectly inelastic power-law behavior, conditions under which the assumption of inelastic flow is valid were derived by analyzing Hele-Shaw flow of an Oldroyd-B fluid. The concept was tested using three different classes of model fluids, a Newtonian fluid, an inelastic power-law fluid, and a Boger fluid. In all three cases, satisfactory results were obtained, with values of n deviating at most 4% from values measured using conventional rheometry. The method presented here is expected to be potentially useful in online quality control in, for example, polymer or food processing.Process and EnergyMechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineerin
The Importance of Considering Fibular Robusticity When Inferring the Mobility Patterns of Past Populations
No full textIn this chapter we investigate the lower limb structural rigidity (using cross-sectional geometric properties of the diaphyseal midshaft) within a sample of 124 individuals from the Late Upper Paleolithic, Neolithic and Iron Age from Italy, Medieval Germany, and twenty-first Century Britain (long distance runners, field hockey players, and sedentary controls). Late Upper Paleolithic, Neolithic and Iron Age samples were settled in rugged areas, whereas the other samples inhabited plain areas. The aim of this study is to assess whether fibular diaphyseal properties reflect mobility patterns or terrain properties in past populations. Both fibular rigidity and relative fibular rigidity ratio (fibula/tibia) have been analyzed. Results reveal that Late Upper Paleolithic, Neolithic and Iron Age samples show high fibular rigidity and have values of relative fibular rigidity that are most similar to modern hockey players. The relative fibular diaphyseal rigidity of hockey players has been previously explained as the consequence of their dynamic and repetitive change of direction. Late Upper Paleolithic and Neolithic individuals are thought to have been highly terrestrially mobile, while Iron Age people were probably fairly sedentary. However, all of the three groups lived in areas of uneven terrain. We concluded that fibular rigidity and relative fibular rigidity are influenced by factors that increase foot eversion/inversion such as frequent directional changes and
uneven terrain. The results of this study suggest that inclusion of the fibula provides a valuable additional perspective that complements traditional predictions of mobility patterns based on the femur or the tibia alone
Reconstruction des activités occupationnelles d’une communauté des Apennins: étude préliminaire des individus partiellement momifiés du XVIe - XVIIIe siècle de Roccapelago (Modène, Italie)
No full textDans le cadre des travaux de restauration de l'Eglise de Roccapelago (Apennins, province de Modène, Italie), des centaines de corps dont certains se sont partiellement momifiés grâce à des conditions environnementales exceptionnelles - ont été mis au jour en 2011. Un
compartiment oublié pendant des siècles a ainsi fonctionné en tant que sépulture collective, de la fin du XVIème siècle jusqu'à la construction du cimetière au XVIIIème siècle. D’abord introduits par un escalier et déposés au creux de la roche elle-même, les corps ont par la suite été accumulés les uns sur les autres à partir d’un puits dans le sol de l’église, formant ainsi une pyramide de corps. Le
microclimat particulier, favorisé par la ventilation assurée par deux fenêtres donnant sur le mur Est de la crypte, a permis la préservation plus ou moins complète d’une soixantaine de corps, incluant certains tissus tels que la peau, les cheveux, les muscles, les ligaments et les
tendons, ainsi que de leurs vêtements. S'agissant d'une communauté isolée du point de vue territorial, donc devant être autonome au niveau de la subsistance de ses membres, il est apparu évident que l’analyse des différents marqueurs squelettiques d’activité et de l’asymétrie directionnelle du membre supérieur pourrait faire la lumière sur les rôles sociaux, le style de vie et les activités de tous les jours dans cette petite communauté isolée
Le mummie di Roccapelago: ricostruzione delle attività occupazionali in una piccola comunità dall’alto Appennino modenese del XVIII secolo attraverso gli indicatori scheletrici di carico biomeccanico e con l’ausilio di tecnologie virtuali 3D
No full textUn piccolo borgo montano arroccato su uno sperone di roccia nell’Alto Appennino modenese e la scoperta, tanto fortuita quanto eccezionale, nella chiesa parrocchiale, di una cripta sepolcrale contenente i corpi, in parte mummificati, degli antichi abitanti della località. Questo lo scenario entro il quale si è sviluppato il progetto: Storia e vita di una piccola comunità dell’Alto Appennino modenese tra il XVI e il XVIII secolo. Archeologia e antropologia: una ricerca interdisciplinare, promosso dall’allora Soprintendenza peri i Beni Archeologici dell’Emilia-Romagna e dal Dipartimento di Beni Culturali dell’Università di Bologna (Campus di Ravenna), con la collaborazione di numerose altre istituzioni scientifiche italiane e
straniere. L’eccezionale ritrovamento ha rappresentato un’occasione unica per la realizzazione di un progetto che, per l’approccio multidisciplinare adottato, i protocolli d’intervento elaborati e l’integrazione dei risultati perseguita, può costituire un vero e proprio progetto pilota, un modello di riferimento da applicare nel caso di ritrovamenti archeologici simili a quello di Roccapelago. Nel presente volume vengono pubblicate le relazioni scientifiche degli ultimi due convegni sulle “Mummie di Roccapelago”: il primo, Le Mummie di Roccapelago: archeologia, antropologia e scienze applicate a confronto (Modena, 15 febbraio 2014) e il secondo, Le Mummie di Roccapelago 3.0: la rinascita degli antichi abitanti
attraverso cinque anni di studi (Ravenna, 24 marzo 2017). I contributi scientifici che esso raccoglie spaziano dall’approfondimento degli aspetti storici della comunità di
Roccapelago al vasto campo delle ricerche archeo-antropologiche, archeo-genetiche, paleopatologiche, paleonutrizionali e biodemografiche, dallo studio e ricostruzione dell’abbigliamento, agli aspetti conservativi e alla valorizzazione del sito. Questa molteplicità e varietà delle ricerche condotte dimostrano l’enorme potenzialità scientifica multi e interdisciplinare che questo sito ha offerto e continua ad offrire insieme all’eccezionale interesse divulgativo che esso è stato in grado di suscitare nel pubblico
La Ciudad y el mar : la ciudad marítima y sus funciones en el Antiguo Régimen
No full textEl autor propone señalar de una forma sistematica las manifestaciones mis singulares de las ciudades marítimas, a saber: económicas, sociales, políticas y culturales. Martinez Shaw nos muestra como las ciudades especializadas en la pesca de altura, la construcción naval o en el corsarismo, o bien las ciudades polivalentes, centradas preferentemente en el comercio marítirno, además de otras actividades, como las antes citadas, dependían del puerto -el corazón de la ciudad maritima. A su vez, el autor analiza las estructuras sociales e institucionales, a las que las actividades económicas y administrativas propias de la ciudad marítima dotaron de rasgos distintivos. Finalmente, existe una cultura vinculada al mar y la ciudad marítima termina siendo la quintaesencia de un modelo cultural urbano. La conclusión es que, realmente, podemos hablar de una ciudad marítima como realidad diferenciada.L'autor assenyala d'una manera sistematica les manifestacions més singulars -econbmiques, socials, polítiques i culturals- de les ciutats marítimes. Carlos Martinez Shaw mostra com depenien del port, cor de la ciutat maritima, ciutats especialitzades en la pesca d'altura, la construcció naval o el corsarisme i, fins i tot, ciutats més polivalen" encara que orientades de manera preferent a aquest tipus de corner per mar. Finalment -i donat que existeix una cultura vinculada al món del mar-, Martínez Shaw considera la ciutat maritima com a realitat diferenciada, quintaessencia d'un model cultural urba.The author underlines the most outstanding economic, social, political and cultural functions of seaside towns. Carlos Martínez Shaw demonstrates the dependency on harbours of cities specialized in fishing, shipbuilding or piratical enterprises, and even of the more many-sided ones that were orientated towards overseas trade. Finally, Carlos Martinez Shaw, considering that there exist a culture closely bound to the maritime world, presents coastal towns as different realities, quintessences of urban cultural patterns
Isoodon obesulus
No full textIsoodon obesulus (Shaw, 1797). Nat. Mise., 8:298. TYPE LOCALITY: Australia, New South Wales, Sydney, Ku-ring-gai Chase Natl. Park, 33°36'S, 151°16'E, see Dixon (1981). DISTRIBUTION: SE New South Wales, S Victoria, SE South Australia, N Queensland, SW Western Australia, Nuyts Arch. (Great Australian Bight, S Australian coast), and Tasmania. STATUS: Locally common. SYNONYMS: affinis, fusciventer, nauticus, peninsulae.Published as part of Colin P. Groves, 1993, Order Peramelemorphia, pp. 39-42 in Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition), Washington and London :Smithsonian Institution Press on page 39, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.735311
Gli inumati parzialmente mummificati di Roccapelago-Modena (sec. XVIII): ricostruzione delle attività occupazionali di una comunità dell’appennino attraverso l’analisi degli indicatori di stress biomeccanico con ausilio di modelli virtuali 3D delle ossa
No full textIn occasione del restauro della Chiesa di Roccapelago sull’Appennino Emiliano, all’interno di una
cripta dimenticata, sono stati recuperati nel 2011 centinaia di corpi, alcuni dei quali mummificati
grazie a processi naturali. La mummificazione si è sviluppata irregolarmente, i corpi si presentano
parzialmente scheletrizzati ed in alcuni casi non completamente articolati. Lo studio condotto su di un
campione di individui parzialmente mummificati (n=64) riferibile all’ultima fase di utilizzo della
cripta (XVIII secolo, US 23), ha evidenziato trattarsi di una popolazione composta di uomini e donne
di età compresa tra giovani adulti fino ad anziani, spesso di età avanzata. L'analisi ha riguardato le
entesopatie erosive e produttive, i markers da sovraccarico biomeccanico, l’asimmetria assoluta e
direzionale nonché la geometria di sezione realizzata su modelli virtuali 3D ottenuti da tomografia
computerizzata ospedaliera. I risultati ottenuti evidenziano una ripartizione, per genere ed età, delle
attività occupazionali, mostrando come l’uomo fosse impegnato in attività gravose di trasporto e
movimentazione. Le occupazioni delle donne paiono invece riconducibili ad attività casalinghe o di
supporto ai lavori di campagna. L’aumento del campione da indagare, già preventivato, permetterà di
puntualizzare la distribuzione degli indici da sovraccarico funzionale, sia in rapporto all’età che al
sesso
THE PRECISION OF THE LINE PARAMETERS RETRIEVED FROM A LORENTZ ABSORPTION LINE
No full text E. Niple and J.H. Shaw, Appl. Spectros. 33, 569 (1979). Y.S. Chang and J.H. Shaw, Appl. Spectros. 31, 213 (1977).Author Institution: Department of Physics, The Ohio State UniversityContrary to our the precision of the line parameters retrieved from simulated spectra of a single Lorentz line are not proportional to the SNR of the data over the range from 30 to . This behavior is caused by the nonlinear models which describe the data and by nonlinear correlations between the parameters. The results can be understood by considering simplified problems. The implications of these results to the design of experiments in quantitative spectroscopy are discussed. These analysis can be applied to other types of problems
THE VIBRATIONAL CIRCULAR DICHROISM SPECTRUM OF 2-METHYLTHIETANE
No full text R.A. Shaw, N. Ibrahim, and H. Wieser, Can. J. Chem., in press. R.A. Shaw, N. Ibrahim, and H. Wieser 94, 125-133(1990).Author Institution: Department of Chemistry, University of CalgaryThe vibrational circular dichroism (VCD) spectrum is reported for 2-methylthietane in the region of . Based on optimized geometries and force fields at the 3-21G and 6-31G levels of ab initio theory for the equatorial and axial the infrared absorption and VCD intensities are calculated with the Fixed Partial Charge (FPC), Charge Flow (CF), and Atomic Polar Tensor (APT) models. Empirically a distinction can be made for selected modes that can be used as reliable configuration markers being insensitive to conformation change, and conformation indicators reversing the VCD sign upon ring inversion while being insensitive to the absolute configuration. Generally none of the three VCD models agree with all the observed VCD features. From the inability to predict the VCD intensities of specific modes and by comparison with analogous situations for inferences are drawn about the adequacy of the models in certain circumstance
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