1,720,984 research outputs found
Precutionary Principle Liability in Food Chain : A Step Forward in the Emerging European Tort Law
Full text linkFil: Colcelli, Valentina. University of Perugia. Faculty of Law. Department of juridical studies "A. Giuliani". Perugia, ItalyFil: Colcelli, Valentina. Ministero dell'università e della ricerca (MUR). Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR). Roma, ItaliaLa cátedra Jean Monnet es una cátedra universitaria otorgada por la Comisión Europea en el marco de su plan de acción. Tienen como objetivo reforzar la docencia y la investigación sobre la integración europea en las universidades, tanto de los Estados miembros como de terceros países. Su nombre hace honor a quien fuera un político francés que, como asesor de Robert Schuman, contribuyó decisivamente a poner los cimientos de las entonces Comunidades Europeas. -- La primera etapa de esta publicación concluyó en el año 2018, comenzó una segunda época en el año 2019 con el nombre Revista "Integración Regional y Derechos Humanos". -- Sección Ensayos
Bio-legal Issues in the Establishment of a Historical Collection of Human Tissues: The case of the Umbria Biobank Project
No full textThe aim of the Umbria Biobank Project is to set up a biobank of human tissues for research purposes.
The Umbria Biobank includes a historical archive put together from the 1940s onwards by the former
Institute of Pathological Anatomy of the University of Perugia, which consists of at least 2.5 million tissue
blocks and approximately 8 million cytological and histological slides, with accompanying documentation.
This valuable collection, which has been maintained and improved over time, has remained largely unused
because of various ethical issues and a lack of specific regulation.
In particular, as with other historical archives of diagnostic documentation, the materials and data were collected
at a time when there was neither an awareness about the need for patient authorisation, nor any idea
that the materials and data would be useful for further research activities.
This paper describes the attempt by the Project’s bio-legal team to avoid the destruction of these important
historical archives and to recover them for scientific research in a legitimate way that respects fundamental
rights. The solutions were worked out within the context of European Union, international and national legal
regulations
O quadro jurídico da União Europeia para o uso de inteligência artificial e bases de dados de imagens e biobancos de imagens para fins de pesquisa: aplicando a noção de justiça
Full text linkObjective: To analyze the issue of justice and discrimination in artificial intelligence systems based on medical image databases. Methodology: Analysis of documents that constitute the regulatory framework of the European Union for the use of artificial intelligence, compared with the report FUTURE-AI: Guiding Principles and Consensus Recommendations for Trustworthy Artificial Intelligence in Medical Imaging. Results: The study indicates that artificial intelligence trained with unbalanced data tends to generate biased predictions, which can exacerbate health inequalities and affect justice. Discrimination in artificial intelligence systems appears abstract, subtle, and difficult to detect compared to traditional forms of discrimination. Final Considerations: Robust regulation is necessary to ensure justice in artificial intelligence systems, considering the need for interdisciplinary collaboration to prepare this new generation of legal professionals with an enhanced perspective on the topic and its various dimensions.
Submission: 10/01/24| Review: 10/04/24| Approval: 10/04/24Objetivo: Analizar la cuestión de la justicia y la discriminación en sistemas de inteligencia artificial, basándose en bancos de imágenes médicas. Metodología: Análisis de documentos que constituyen el marco normativo de la Unión Europea para el uso de la inteligencia artificial, cotejados con el informe FUTURE-AI: Principios Rectores y Recomendaciones de Consenso para una Inteligencia Artificial Confiable en Imágenes Médicas. Resultados: El estudio indica que la inteligencia artificial entrenada con datos desbalanceados tiende a generar predicciones sesgadas, lo que puede exacerbar las desigualdades en salud y afectar la justicia. La discriminación en los sistemas de inteligencia artificial se muestra abstracta, sutil y de difícil detección en comparación con las formas tradicionales de discriminación. Consideraciones finales: Es necesaria una regulación robusta para garantizar la justicia en los sistemas de inteligencia artificial, considerando la necesidad de colaboración interdisciplinaria para preparar a esta nueva generación de juristas con una perspectiva mejorada sobre el tema y sus diversas dimensiones.
Envío: 01/10/24| Revisión: 04/10/24| Aprobación: 04/10/24Objetivo: analisar a questão da justiça e da discriminação em sistemas de inteligência artificial, com base em bancos de imagens médicas. Metodologia: análise de documentos que compõem o marco normativo da União Europeia para o uso da inteligência artificial cotejados com o relatório FUTURE-AI: Guiding Principles and Consensus Recommendations for Trustworthy Artificial Intelligence in Medical Imaging. Resultados: o estudo indica que a inteligência artificial treinada com dados desbalanceados tende a gerar previsões enviesadas, o que pode exacerbar desigualdades de saúde e afetar a justiça. A discriminação em sistemas de inteligências artificias se mostra abstrata, sutil e de difícil detecção quando comparadas com as formas tradicionais de discriminação. Considerações finais: Impõe-se uma regulamentação robusta para garantir justiça nos sistemas de inteligência artificial considerando a necessidade de colaboração interdisciplinar para preparar essa nova geração de juristas com um olhar aprimorado sobre o tema e suas variadas dimensões.
Submissão: 01/10/24| Revisão: 04/10/24| Aprovação: 04/10/2
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Status de ciudadanos como status fundametal de la persona en el ordenamiento jurÃdico de la Unión Europea
No full textLa presente intervención querrÃa indagar como en el ordenamiento jurÃdico de la Unión Europea se esté delineando (o de cualquier manera se haya ya elaborado) un concepto de status personal con caracterÃsticas autónomas o de cualquier modo ulteriores respecto a los diferentes ordenamientos internos de los Estados miembros(1). El legislador de la Unión Europea promulga actos legislativos ordenándolos según el tipo de sujetos destinatarios, individuando conjuntos de acontecimientos económicos en los que se pueda agrupar la disciplina de cada actividad(2).Por lo tanto, se analizará porque en el ordenamiento jurÃdico de la Unión Europea se puede afirmar que con el derecho de circular libremente al interior de la Unión circula también el estatus de la persona. O sea circulan todas las precondiciones que son supuestas por la normativa UE por su misma operatividad y por la realización de los fines del sistema(3)
Research activity and the principle of solidarity in the EU legal framework for biodiversity
No full textThe paper aims to analyse how Reg. EU n. 511/2014 links the principle of solidarity to
one of the most visible areas of intersection between EU law and ethical choice,
particularly in the field of research activity: the implementation of the Nagoya Protocol
in the EU legal framework. A broad range of users and suppliers in the Union, including
academic, university and non-commercial researchers and companies from different
sectors of industry, use genetic resources for research, development and
commercialisation purposes. Some also use traditional knowledge associated with
genetic resources [see point 3 Reg (EU) 2014/511]. Thus, all research activities
involving germplasm, genetic resources, and traditional knowledge related to genetic
resources are currently subject to Article 15, point 6, of the Convention on Biodiversity,
and they also must observe the fundamental principle (established by Article 19 of the
Convention and EU legal sources) of benefiting the countries involved in the research
and development actions. The mutually agreed terms and the contracts mandated by art.
3 reg. EU n. 511/2014 are correlated with distributive justice and the principle of
solidarity, which underpin the entire EU legal system
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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