13,668 research outputs found
(32(1):39-49)荔技大核與小核種果實性狀變異之研究
No full textVariation of fruit characters within and among trees were studied in two shriveled-seed varieties of ‘Sah Keng’ and ‘Kang Wei’ and the most widely cultivated normal-seed variety ‘Hak Ip’. Analysis of variance showed that the variation among trees contributed more to the total variability than that within tree. Analysis also indicated that the variation among locations was much greater than that of within and among trees, in ‘Hak Ip’ variety.
In general, fruit length, fruit diameter, fruit weight, shell weight, and aril weight were not significantly different within tree. The protuberance of the shell, aril color, percentage of shrivelled seeds and ratio of aril weighs in fruit were not significantly different both within and among trees in most locations. The variation of soluble solids, flavor and seed size were different depending on the varieties and locations.
The shrivelled seed of ‘Sah Keng’, ‘Kang Wei’ and ‘Hak Ip’ were 36%, 26%, and 0%, respectively. Eating quality of shrivelled-seed fruits were superior to normal-seed fruits in smaller seed size and higher aril ratio. The fruit diameter, fruit Weight, and shell weight were highly correlated to seed size in two shrivelled-seed varieties, but not in normal-seed variety. The fruit size and fruit weight of normal-seed variety were larger and heavier than shrivelled-seed fruit, however, the soluble solids was not significantly different.
研究荔枝小核種沙坑及港尾晚生與大核種黑葉果實性狀品種間、株間與株內之變異，由變方分析結果顯示果實性狀株間變異大於株內變異；最廣泛栽培黑葉之四個地區綜合分析結果顯示地區間果實性狀變異大於株間及株內。果長、果徑、果重、果殼重及果肉重等性狀株間之差異為顯著，而株內差異不顯著斗在多數地區之果棘、果肉色、小核率及果肉率於株間及株內之差異均不顯著；而可溶性固形物，風味及種子大小之差異因地區及品種而有異。
沙坑、港尾晚生及黑葉等品種之小核率分別為 36%、 26%及 0%，二小核種之可溶性固形物與黑葉種相近，其他性狀之差別亦於本文中分別比較。
比較小核種沙坑及港尾晚生品種內大核果及小核果之差異，顯示大核果之果實大小及果重略大於小核果；但其可溶性固形物含量差異不顯著。小核果較大核果之優點為種子小，高果肉率及易於剝除果肉。二小核種之果徑、果重及果殼重與種子大小之相關均高且顯著，而大核種果實性狀和種子大小之相關係數均低且不顯著
(33(3):257-264)沙坑種荔枝正常果及焦核果之生長
No full textThe growth of seeded and seedless fruits of ‘Sah Keng’ variety litchi was studied. The seed grew rapidly in the early stage, the normal and aborted seeds could not be macroscopically distinguished until about 30 days after full bloom. The volume and weight of normal seed increased continually and attended full size about 50 days after full bloom, however the aborted seed grew slowly and ceased about 40 days after full bloom. The growth of volume of seeded fruit, expressed as three components length, diameter and thickness, was larger than seedless fruit. Increase in fruit length mainly occurred at early stage while that in diameter and thickness mainly occurred at later stage. Fruit weight increased rapidly in the later stage due to the growth of aril. The weight of seeded fruit was heavier than seedless fruit through growth period, but the aril weight between seeded and seedless fruit were not significantly different. It suggested that the seed size might he less important on the growth of aril in litchi. The total soluble solids in fruit increased continually and reached the maximum at maturity. The total soluble solids of seeded fruit was higher than seedless fruit, but not significantly.
研究荔枝沙坑種正常果及焦核果各構成部份之生長顯示種子於初期迅速增大，至花後 30 天正常及焦核種子發育即有顯著不同，此後正常種子之體積及重量均繼續增加，至花後 50 天即接近成熟大小，焦核則生長緩慢至 40 天即停止發育。果實體積以果長、果徑及果厚表示，正常果均大於焦核果，果長於初期增加較速，果徑及果厚在後期增加較速。果重在發育後期因果肉之生長而迅速增加，於發育過程，正常果之果重均顯著大於焦核果，但果肉重之差別則不顯著，顯示種子大小對果肉生長之影響不大。果肉可溶性固形物含量於發育期持續增加，至成熟期達到最高，正常果之可溶性固形物含量高於焦核果，但二者差異不顯著
The political role of the people's liberation army 1949-1973
Full text linkThis thesis is to study the political role of the People's Liberation Army from the approach of structure and function. The framework of the thesis consists of three major parts, first, the influence of Chinese traditional political culture on, and the formation of, the political role of the PL A; second, the influence of domestic political struggles and external military conflicts on the development of the political role of the PLA; and the third, the analysis of the transition of the PLA's political role from the structure and personnel arrangements of the CCPCC Within the above-mentioned three scopes, this thesis make a thorough discussion on the following: (1) The relationship between the structure of the PRC and the formation of the PLA's political role; (2) How has ideology influenced the army's political role; (3) What is Mao's viewpoint and his influence on the development of the army's political role; (4) What is the link between the army and the party, and how has this developed; (6) What accounts for the expansion of the PLA's political functions; (7) What is the influence of political factional struggles on the PLA's political role; (8) Is it political institution or military institution that controls the recruitment of the military elite; (9) What are the disparities between the military elite in handling international conflicts and what are their political considerations; (10) What is the Party's position in the army; (11) How have the Party’s important meetings and personnel arrangements influenced the rise and fall of the PLA's political role
Lychee Production in the World
No full text荔枝主要分佈於南北回歸線內之亞熱帶地區及熱帶地區之中高海拔冷涼山區，世界總種植面積約為80萬公頃，栽培國家及地區依次為中國（佔全世界之80%以上）、印度、越南、泰國、馬達加斯加、臺灣，其他如巴基斯坦、墨西哥、孟加拉、尼泊爾均低於1萬公頃，其餘美國、南非、澳洲等地均為少量，中南美洲為新興產區。荔枝為亞熱帶果樹，原產中國大陸之華南地區及越南北部，因外觀美麗，風味優良，於18-20世紀之間，逐漸向世界各地流傳，例如緬甸(西元1700年)，臺灣(1720年以前)，各地荔枝品種仍以中國引進或其後代衍生之品種為主，產期大致在4-8月(北半球)及11-2月(南半球)，3月及10月為荔枝缺乏期，只有少數地點受氣候之影響可全年生產如美國夏威夷島及東南亞中高海拔山區(越南大叻及泰國清邁)。世界各國栽培荔枝之問題均相似，包括缺乏優良品種，隔年結果嚴重，產量偏低，產期偏短，採收後處理技術缺乏，急待開發加工產品。中國為荔枝最大生產地，荔枝分佈區域南達海南省三亞市，北至四川攀枝花(9個緯度)，東起福建省莆田市，西達雲南元陽縣(18個經度)。產期自4月下旬至8月下旬(約120天)，主要產期在6月中至7月下旬(45天，佔75%)。中國荔枝約220餘品種，主要栽培者約25品種，以黑葉最多，次為妃子笑。每年舉辦全國荔枝研討會，發表論文近百篇。澳洲荔枝之栽培面積佔世界總量之比率極低，但無論在品種改良，田間栽培管理之機械化，特殊的網室栽培，半自動採收處理作業及荔枝生產者協會之農民組織，均有特殊之處，值得參考。目前荔枝生產區域已從傳統產區向中南美洲迅速擴展，中國之面積已達穩定(略有減少)，中南美洲(如巴西)將會有較大面積之增產。
Lychee production is distributed in subtropical lowland and cold hilly tropical area around the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn. The total area and production is 795,000 ha and 2.5 million MT respectively in 2005. The main production countries are China, India, Vietnam, Thailand, Madagascar, Taiwan， Pakistan, Mexico, Bangladesh, Nepal and some minors including USA, South Africa and Australia. Central and South American countries are new and potential area (more than 1500 ha in Brazil in 2007).
All lychee varieties in the world are derived from China and their progenies. Main season is concentrated between April to August in north hemisphere and November to February in south hemisphere. The lychee is lack in March and October in the market. However, some area such as Hilo, Hawaii, Daloc, Vietnam and Northern Thailand which are affected by cold temperature and able to produce lychee year round.
The constraints of lychee production are similar in the world. Lack of elite cultivar, alternate bearing, low yield, short season and shelf life and less processing products are main problems confronted to this industry.
The international trade of lychee is few (only 50-60 thousands MT, less than 2% of total production) and limited by short shelf life. China, Thailand, Taiwan, Vietnam, India, Australia, South Africa, Israel, Madagascar and Mauritius are main export countries.
The production has been extended from traditional area to Central and South American Countries. The lychee production area has been approached maximum and may decrease in China. The area in Vietnam will be increased for local consumption and export. Large scale increase is predicted in Central and South American Countries such as Brazil
Realignment of Tropical Fruit Production to Climate Change in Taiwan
No full text氣候變遷對台灣熱帶果樹之影響為經由地球暖化急遽氣候變化引起之災害,其因素依次為雨量.溫度.光照.
The effects of climatic change on tropical fruit production are mainly through the damages induced by dramatic chang of rainfall,temperature,high
Variation of Fruit Characters among Longan (Euphoria longana Lam.) Varieties in Taiwan
No full text調查臺灣52龍眼品種及部份品種於不同地區不同年份之果實性狀變異顯示各種果實性狀均受品種、地區、年份之影響，尤以眾重最為明顯。調查107組樣品之果實性狀變異範圍如下，果色均爲黃褐色，各品種有深淺之不同，部份帶有果粉；果肉半透明，淡白至淡黃之間；肉質有軟脆之分，以脆肉較多；種子色由紅褐至黑褐，以黑褐較多。成熟期自7月至10月，以8月最多；果重介於5.2至18.2公克之間，平均10.6公克，種子重介於0.5至2.5公克之間，平均1.8公克；果肉可溶性固形物含量在10.3%至26.0%之間，平均18.3%；果肉率在50.0%至70.8%之間，平均61.6%。果實大小和果重、果皮重、種子重、果肉重有顯著之正相關。粉殼爲最主要之品種，其次爲紅殼及青殼，其餘均少量栽培。目前龍眼栽培之主要問題爲：1.需有不同成熟期、大果、豐產之品種以調節產期。2.植株矮化之方法。3.隔年結果之防止。4.每穗果數之控制，以免果實因結果太多而變小。
Summary The variation of fruit characters among 52 longan varieties at different locations and years in Taiwan was investigated Most fruit characters studied were affected by different varieties, locations, and years. The effect was most significant in fruit weight. The variation of fruit characters of 107 samples measured was as follows. The fruit is light to dark yellow-brown. The aril is translucent white to light yellow. The seed is red brown to black brown. The mature season was from July to October. Most were harvested in August. Fruit weight ranged from 5.2 to 18.2 grams (mean=10.6 g), Seed weight ranged from 0.5 to 2.5 grams (mean=1.8 g). Soluble solids in aril ranged from 10.3 to 26.0% (mean=18.3%). Aril ratio in fruit ranged from 50.0 to 70.8 (mean-61.6%). Fruit size was significantly related to fruit weight, peel weight, peel weight and aril weight. The cultivar Feng Ko accounts for more than 80% of longan production in Taiwan. It is followed by Hong Ko and Ching Ko. Current problems confronting longan culture in Taiwan are: l) needs of varieties with large fruit, high yield and various mature season, 2) control of plant height to lower cost of management, 3) methods to control irregular bearing, and 4) methods of thinning to control fruit number per cluster
Implicit Weighted Essentially Nonoscillatory Schemes for the Compressible Navier–Stokes Equations
No full text
A Study on the Principles for the Operation and Management of the Dolphin and Whale Watching Industry along the Eastern Coast of Taiwan
No full textABSTRACT
Title: A Study on the Principles for the Operation and Management of the Dolphin and Whale Watching Industry along the Eastern Coast of Taiwan
Author: Yen-Ruey Kuo
The dolphin and whale watching industry has become one of the most thriving tourism industries in Taiwan in recent years, and as such, a comprehensive system of operation and management is required to help secure its sustainable development. This thesis focuses on the eastern coast of Taiwan where dolphin and whale watching first developed earliest in Taiwan and where the largest portion of operators in the business is located. Based on personal interviews following carefully-designed questionnaires with local experienced operators, skippers and narrators, this thesis studies and analyzes the present conditions of local operations and management within four aspects of the development of the industry, namely marketing strategies, environmental and ecological protection, social justice and general institutional issues. It also presents suggestions concerning sustainable development in the dolphin and whale watching industry along the eastern coast of Taiwan. Finally, according to the suggestions provided by operators and managers, domestic and foreign references and/or personal observation, the thesis proposes fifteen principles for the sustainable development for the dolphin and whale watching industry. The first ever for Taiwan, these principles are believed to be invaluable in further developing the required indicators and/or guidelines for the sustainable development of the dolphin and whale watching industry in Taiwan
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