266 research outputs found
Spectroscopy of Hot Stars in the Galactic Halo. III. Analysis of a Large Sample of Field Horizontal-branch and other A-type Stars
No full textAstrophysic
Tyrannosaurus rex Osborn 1905
No full textWhether Tyrannosaurus rex was likely to have found food primarily by predation or scavenging has been debated for close to a century without resolution (Erickson et al. 1996; Erickson 1999). Much of this debate has used arguments based on jaw morphology and dentition. Here, we use calculations of energy gains and losses to estimate the minimum carrion productivity an ecosystem must provide in order to support an obligate scavenger of the 6 tonne (6000 kg) mass of T. rex. Our estimates suggest that carrion productivity equivalent to the current Serengeti would have been sufficient to support such a scavenger. Hence, we argue on the basis of physiological ecology that T. rex need not have been an active predator and could have found sufficient food to support itself purely by scavenging. Our hypothesis is that the key constraint for scavengers is generally their ability to find food items. This is in contrast to predators, where capturing rather than discovering prey is the key constraint, and herbivores, where processing consumed food is often the key restriction on energy gain rate. We assume that the scavenger spends a constant fraction (a) of its time searching for food items that are distributed with a constant uniform density (f). If, when active, the scavenger searches out area at a rate V, then it finds food items at a rate a fV. We assume that it extracts an amount of energy E from each food item found. Hence, the rate of energy gathering (E in) is a f VE. We assume that the individual has a resting metabolic rate R, but that searching for food requires extra energy investment at rate S. Thus, the rate of energy expenditure (E o ut) is given by R + a S, and scavengers attempt to optimize net energy gain (E net) given by E n et = E in ‾ E o ut = a(f VE ‾ S) ‾ R. (2.1) If we demand that E net be positive then we can rearrange equation (2.1) as a restriction on the energy density of food available for scavenging: for a positive energy budget we demand that the density of food energy available to a scavenger is greater than a critical value given by a S + R f E m in =. a V (2.2) The right-hand side of this is the minimum energy density that an ecosystem needs to have to support a scavenger. We will now estimate this for a scavenging T. rex and compare this with the energy density of carrion in the extant Serengeti. We will assume that restrictions owing to nightfall, bad weather and sleep mean that on average the scavenger can actively seek food for 50% of the 24 hour day, so we set a = 0.5. The relationship between the mass M of a reptile in kilograms and the resting metabolic rate R in watts has been described by Schmidt-Nielson (1984) R = 0.38 M 0.83. (2.3) There have been various estimates of the live mass of a full-sized T. rex, ranging from 3000 to 8000 kg (Farlow et al. 1995; Christiansen 1997; Seebacher 2001). Recent papers seem to be converging towards estimates close to 6 tonnes, so we will use a value of 6000 kg throughout this paper. Substituting this into equation (2.3) gives a value for R of 520 W. The relationship between the mass M of an ectotherm (in kg), the speed of travel v (in m s ‾1) and the extra cost of travel S (in W) has been suggested by Bennett (1982) to be S = 10.3 vM 0.64. (2.4) Reptiles can sustain a speed equivalent to 10% of their maximum speed (Bennett & Ruben 1979). The maximum speed of equivalent-sized mammals and reptiles is similar (Bennett & Ruben 1979). The following relationship between mass M (in kg) and maximum speed v m ax (in m s ‾1) has been proposed by Alexander (1977): v m ax = 8.5 M ‾ 0.08. (2.5) Substituting M = 6000 in equation (2.5) gives a maximum speed for a T. rex of 4.2 m s ‾ 1. This compares well with a recent estimate of 5 m s ‾1 based on T. rex ’s limb mor- * Author for correspondence ([email protected]). phology (Hutchinson & Garcia 2002). We will assume that sustained travelling speed, v, is 10% of our estimate, i.e. 0.42 m s ‾ 1. If we substitute for v and M in equation (2.4), then this gives an added cost of travel S of 1100 W. The rate at which an area is swept, V, is simply the sustained travel speed v multiplied by twice the distance at which food can be detected, which we will denote d. That is V = 0.84 d. (2.6) Substituting the parameter values derived in equation (2.6) into equation (2.2) gives an equation for the minimum energy density of carrion (in J m ‾2) that could sustain an animal (fE m in) in terms of the distance at which it could detect carrion (d) as follows: 2550 f E m in =. d (2.7) This relationship is plotted for a range of d values from 10 m to 10 km in figure 1. To give us something to compare this against, we can estimate the energy density of carrion available each day from ungulate herbivores in the modern Serengeti ecosystem. It has been estimated that a total weight of 4´ 107 kg of ungulates die in the Serengeti each year (Houston 1979). Assuming that these have an mass-specific energy content of 7´ 106 J kg ‾1 (Peters 1983), and that the Serengeti stretches over 25 000 km 2 (Sinclair & Norton-Griffiths 1979). This gives a mean energy density of 31 J m ‾ 2 d ‾1. When we compare this value with figure 1, we see that even if we make the conservative assumption that animals that die only remain available to T. rex for 24 hours (before spoiling or being consumed by other scavengers), then, if it is able to monopolize all the food it finds and can detect food at a range of 80 m, an ecosystem of similar productivity to the current Serengeti would provide sufficient food for such a scavenger. One reason for caution in the interpretation of our results is that the allometric relations used are based on data from extant reptiles, and consequently very few of the species used to generate the relations would have a mass approaching even 1% of our estimated mass for T. rex. Of our estimates, the sustainable travel speed of 0.42 m s ‾ 1 seems rather low for a bipedal animal with 2.5 m legs (see Fitzgerald (2002) and references therein). If we repeat our calculations assuming a sustainable running speed of 2.1 m s ‾ 1, then this changes equation (2.7) to 1600 f E m in =. d (2.8) The faster running speed increases the area that can be swept for food faster than it increases the total energetic requirements of that animal, and so this leads to a reduction in the food density required to sustain the scavenger. Thus, our initial assumption of a low running speed can be seen as conservative, making a scavenging lifestyle challenging to maintain. Some scientists consider that mammals (rather than reptiles) are a more appropriate model for dinosaurs (e.g. Bakker 2001). It is possible to repeat our calculations under such an assumption. Schmidt-Nielson (1984) suggests that this would change our equation for R to R = 0.38 M 0.83, (2.9) increasing R substantially to 2300 W for our 6000 kg animal. Calder (1996) suggests that, for a mammal, the equation for S becomes S = 10.7 vM 0.68. (2.10) Bennett & Ruben (1979) suggest that the sustainable speed of mammals is 50% of their maximum speed, hence we will assume that v is 2.1 m s ‾1. If we finally assume that a is unchanged at 0.5, then (using mammals rather than reptiles as a model) changes equation (2.7) to 3100 f E m in =. d (2.11) Hence, we see that substantial compensation for higher resting and movement costs in a mammal-like T. rex may come from a mammalian physiology allowing a higher sustainable rate of movement. The consequence of this is that the minimum food density required by our scavenger is only slightly increased if a mammalian model rather than a reptilian model is assumed. 3. CONCLUSIONS Our calculation suggests that T. rex would be able to gather enough food to survive as a pure scavenger if a number of conditions are met. One is that the ecosystem yields the same density of carrion as the current Serengeti. Estimates of primary productivity at the place and time appropriate to T. rex vary widely but encompass values similar to that of the present-day Serengeti (Beerling & Woodward 2001). Any given primary productivity would have supported a greater biomass of ectothermic dinosaurs compared to the endothermic mammals that dominate the extant Serengeti (Farlow 1990). This higher biomass will more than compensate for the lower turnover rate per unit biomass that one would predict if dinosaurian herbivores had longer lifespans than the mammalian herbivores of the extant Serengeti, on account both of their larger size and probably lower specific metabolic rates. Another condition is that T. rex can detect carcasses at a distance of 80 m. Given the performance of polar bears in detecting seals over distances of kilometres (Stirling 1977) and the ability of turkey vultures to find 80% of experimentally provided chicken carcasses in tropical rainforest within 12 hours of presentation (Houston 1986), this seems likely to have been comfortably within T. rex ’s compass. Brochu (2000) argues, on the basis of computed tomographic analysis of a fossil skull, that T. rex had greatly enlarged olfactory bulbs, suggestive of high olfactory acuity. Farlow (1994) suggests that the upright stance of T. rex could have aided carrion location, both by visual and olfactory pathways. We also assumed that the fallen carcass was only detectable to T. rex for a period of 24 hours. Little is known about how long a carcass is accessible to vertebrate scavenges. Small (chicken) carcasses in tropical African forests were totally consumed by maggots within 3 days (Houston 1987). Hence, our assumption that prey is only available for 1 day seems entirely reasonable, and if anything on the low side. Our final assumption that our focal T. rex individual is able to find all the carcasses that fall in areas where it searches seems less plausible. It is likely that our T. rex would experience competition from other species and from other members of its own species. However, if we arbitrarily assume that our focal individual is only able to access 25% of the carcasses that fall, so that the ecosystem has effectively only 25% of the carrion density of the Serengeti (7.75 J m ‾2), then (from figure 1) we see that T. rex would have to be able to detect prey at a distance of 330 m to balance its energy budget. This is more challenging, but still seems within the bounds of the possible, especially if, like many extant reptiles (Zug et al. 2001), T. rex had an effective sense of smell. Hence, our conclusion is that an energy budget analysis suggests that a reptile as large as T. rex could have survived using a purely scavenging lifestyle, providing that competition for carrion was low. This conclusion leads to the obvious question, why is there not a T. rex- like scavenger on the Serengeti today? Or generally, we must ask why vultures are the only extant vertebrates that have a predominantly scavenging lifestyle. The answer may be that an avian scavenger can outcompete a terrestrial one because, as mentioned in § 1, the key requirement for a scavenger is to minimize energy expenditure while searching. Compared to terrestrial locomotion, even powered flying is faster and much less energetically expensive per distance covered (Schmidt- Nielson 1984), and birds like vultures that make extensive use of soaring have dramatically lower energy expenditure than any terrestrial scavenger could have. If T. rex was a scavenger, then this was probably only possible because avian radiation had yet to have a substantial effect on ecosystems. It may well be, as suggested by Farlow (1994), that T. rex was an opportunist flesh eater, combining scavenging carrion with active predation. That said, our calculations suggest that total (or near total) dependence on carrion (in the manner of extant vultures) may at least have been feasible. a S + R f E m in =. a V (2.2) The right-hand side of this is the minimum energy density that an ecosystem needs to have to support a scavenger. We will now estimate this for a scavenging T. rex and compare this with the energy density of carrion in the extant Serengeti. We will assume that restrictions owing to nightfall, bad weather and sleep mean that on average the scavenger can actively seek food for 50% of the 24 hour day, so we set a = 0.5. The relationship between the mass M of a reptile in kilograms and the resting metabolic rate R in watts has been described by Schmidt-Nielson (1984) R = 0.38 M 0.83. (2.3) There have been various estimates of the live mass of a full-sized T. rex, ranging from 3000 to 8000 kg (Farlow et al. 1995; Christiansen 1997; Seebacher 2001). Recent papers seem to be converging towards estimates close to 6 tonnes, so we will use a value of 6000 kg throughout this paper. Substituting this into equation (2.3) gives a value for R of 520 W. The relationship between the mass M of an ectotherm (in kg), the speed of travel v (in m s ‾1) and the extra cost of travel S (in W) has been suggested by Bennett (1982) to be S = 10.3 vM 0.64. (2.4) Reptiles can sustain a speed equivalent to 10% of their maximum speed (Bennett & Ruben 1979). The maximum speed of equivalent-sized mammals and reptiles is similar (Bennett & Ruben 1979). The following relationship between mass M (in kg) and maximum speed v m ax (in m s ‾1) has been proposed by Alexander (1977): v m ax = 8.5 M ‾ 0.08. (2.5) Substituting M = 6000 in equation (2.5) gives a maximum speed for a T. rex of 4.2 m s ‾ 1. This compares well with a recent estimate of 5 m s ‾1 based on T. rex ’s limb mor- * Author for correspondence ([email protected]). phology (Hutchinson & Garcia 2002). We will assume that sustained travelling speed, v, is 10% of our estimate, i.e. 0.42 m s ‾ 1. If we substitute for v and M in equation (2.4), then this gives an added cost of travel S of 1100 W. The rate at which an area is swept, V, is simply the sustained travel speed v multiplied by twice the distance at which food can be detected, which we will denote d. That is V = 0.84 d. (2.6) Substituting the parameter values derived in equation (2.6) into equation (2.2) gives an equation for the minimum energy density of carrion (in J m ‾2) that could sustain an animal (fE m in) in terms of the distance at which it could detect carrion (d) as follows: 2550 f E m in =. d (2.7) This relationship is plotted for a range of d values from 10 m to 10 km in figure 1. To give us something to compare this against, we can estimate the energy density of carrion available each day from ungulate herbivores in the modern Serengeti ecosystem. It has been estimated that a total weight of 4´ 107 kg of ungulates die in the Serengeti each year (Houston 1979). Assuming that these have an mass-specific energy content of 7´ 106 J kg ‾1 (Peters 1983), and that the Serengeti stretches over 25 000 km 2 (Sinclair & Norton-Griffiths 1979). This gives a mean energy density of 31 J m ‾ 2 d ‾1. When we compare this value with figure 1, we see that even if we make the conservative assumption that animals that die only remain available to T. rex for 24 hours (before spoiling or being consumed by other scavengers), then, if it is able to monopolize all the food it finds and can detect food at a range of 80 m, an ecosystem of similar productivity to the current Serengeti would provide sufficient food for such a scavenger. One reason for caution in the interpretation of our results is that the allometric relations used are based on data from extant reptiles, and consequently very few of the species used to generate the relations would have a mass approaching even 1% of our estimated mass for T. rex. Of our estimates, the sustainable travel speed of 0.42 m s ‾ 1 seems rather low for a bipedal animal with 2.5 m legs (see Fitzgerald (2002) and references therein). If we repeat our calculations assuming a sustainable running speed of 2.1 m s ‾ 1, then this changes equation (2.7) to 1600 f E m in =. d (2.8) The faster running speed increases the area that can be swept for food faster than it increases the total energetic requirements of that animal, and so this leads to a reduction in the food density required to sustain the scavenger. Thus, our initial assumption of a low running speed can be seen as conservative, making a scavenging lifestyle challenging to maintain. Some scientists consider that mammals (rather than reptiles) are a more appropriate model for dinosaurs (e.g. Bakker 2001). It is possible to repeat our calculations under such an assumption. Schmidt-Nielson (1984) suggests that this would change our equation for R to R = 0.38 M 0.83, (2.9) increasing R substantially to 2300 W for our 6000 kg animal. Calder (1996) suggests that, for a mammal, the equation for S becomes S = 10.7 vM 0.68. (2.10) Bennett & Ruben (1979) suggest that the sustainable speed of mammals is 50% of their maximum speed, hence we will assume that v is 2.1 m s ‾1. If we finally assume that a is unchanged at 0.5, then (using mammals rather than reptiles as a model) changes equation (2.7) to 3100 f E m in =. d (2.11) Hence, we see that substantial compensation for higher resting and movement costs in a mammal-like T. rex may come from a mammalian physiology allowing a higher sustainable rate of movement. The consequence of this is that the minimum food density required by our scavenger is only slightly increased if a mammalian model rather than a reptilian model is assumed. 3. CONCLUSIONS Our calculation suggests that T. rex would be able to gather enough food to survive as a pure scavenger if a number of conditions are met. One is that the ecosystem yields the same density of carrion as the current Serengeti. Estimates of primary productivity at the place and time appropriate to T. rex vary widely but encompass values similar to that of the present-day Serengeti (Beerling & Woodward 2001). Any given primary productivity would have supported a greater biomass of ectothermic dinosaurs compared to the endothermic mammals that dominate the extant Serengeti (Farlow 1990). This higher biomass will more than compensate for the lower turnover rate per unit biomass that one would predict if dinosaurian herbivores had longer lifespans than the mammalian herbivores of the extant Serengeti, on account both of their larger size and probably lower specific metabolic rates. Another condition is that T. rex can detect carcasses at a distance of 80 m. Given the performance of polar bears in detecting seals over distances of kilometres (Stirling 1977) and the ability of turkey vultures to find 80% of experimentally provided chicken carcasses in tropical rainforest within 12 hours of presentation (Houston 1986), this seems likely to have been comfortably within T. rex ’s compass. Brochu (2000) argues, on the basis of computed tomographic analysis of a fossil skull, that T. rex had greatly enlarged olfactory bulbs, suggestive of high olfactory acuity. Farlow (1994) suggests that the upright stance of T. rex could have aided carrion location, both by visual and olfactory pathways. We also assumed that the fallen carcass was only detectable to T. rex for a period of 24 hours. Little is known about how long a carcass is accessible to vertebrate scavenges. Small (chicken) carcasses in tropical African forests were totally consumed by maggots within 3 days (Houston 1987). Hence, our assumption that prey is only available for 1 day seems entirely reasonable, and if anything on the low side. Our final assumption that our focal T. rex individual is able to find all the carcasses that fall in areas where it searches seems less plausible. It is likely that our T. rex would experience competition from other species and from other members of its own species. However, if we arbitrarily assume that our focal individual is only able to access 25% of the carcasses that fall, so that the ecosystem has effectively only 25% of the carrion density of the Serengeti (7.75 J m ‾2), then (from figure 1) we see that T. rex would have to be able to detect prey at a distance of 330 m to balance its energy budget. This is more challenging, but still seems within the bounds of the possible, especially if, like many extant reptiles (Zug et al. 2001), T. rex had an effective sense of smell. Hence, our conclusion is that an energy budget analysis suggests that a reptile as large as T. rex could have survived using a purely scavenging lifestyle, providing that competition for carrion was low. This conclusion leads to the obvious question, why is there not a T. rex- like scavenger on the Serengeti today? Or generally, we must ask why vultures are the only extant vertebrates that have a predominantly scavenging lifestyle. The answer may be that an avian scavenger can outcompete a terrestrial one because, as mentioned in § 1, the key requirement for a scavenger is to minimize energy expenditure while searching. Compared to terrestrial locomotion, even powered flying is faster and much less energetically expensive per distance covered (Schmidt- Nielson 1984), and birds like vultures that make extensive use of soaring have dramatically lower energy expenditure than any terrestrial scavenger could have. If T. rex was a scavenger, then this was probably only possible because avian radiation had yet to have a substantial effect on ecosystems. It may well be, as suggested by Farlow (1994), that T. rex was an opportunist flesh eater, combining scavenging carrion with active predation. That said, our calculations suggest that total (or near total) dependence on carrion (in the manner of extant vultures) may at least have been feasible.Published as part of Ruxton, Graeme D. & Hou
High‐Resolution Thermophysical Analysis of the OSIRIS‐REx Sample Site and Three Other Regions of Interest on Bennu
No full textThe OSIRIS-REx (Origins, Spectral Interpretation, Resource Identification, and Security–Regolith Explorer) spacecraft sampled asteroid (101955) Bennu on 20 October 2020 and will return the collected regolith to Earth in 2023. Before sample collection, spectral observations of four regions of interest on Bennu's surface were acquired at high spatial resolution (2–9 m per spectrometer spot) to identify the most suitable site for sampling and provide contextual information for the returned sample. In this study, we investigate thermal-infrared (6–50 μm) observations of these four regions, including the site that OSIRIS-REx ultimately sampled, using the Advanced Thermophysical Model with input digital terrain models derived from laser altimetry. From model-to-measurement comparisons, we find that the observed brightness temperatures depend strongly on small-scale topography, local variations in thermal inertia, and the observation phase angle. Thermal inertia mapping reveals spatial variations that distinguish the different boulder types found on Bennu. A boulder bearing carbonate veins has higher thermal inertia than average, suggesting that cementation processes reduced its porosity. The thermal inertia of the site sampled is 190 ± 30 J m−2 K−1 s−1/2, which is consistent with observations of a fine-grained regolith mixed with porous rocks. Thermophysical modeling of the site sampled predicts that the maximum temperatures experienced by the collected sample while on Bennu were 357 ± 3 and 261 ± 3 K for the surface and 50 cm depth, respectively. We predict that OSIRIS-REx will return a sample with thermophysical properties unique from those of meteorites
Lightcurve, Color And Phase Function Photometry Of The Osiris-Rex Target Asteroid (101955) Bennu
No full textThe NASA OSIRIS-REx mission will retrieve a sample of the carbonaceous near-Earth Asteroid (101955) Bennu and return it to Earth in 2023. Photometry in the Eight Color Asteroid Survey (ECAS) filter system and Johnson-Cousins V and R filters were conducted during the two most recent apparitions in 2005/2006 and 2011/2012. Lightcurve observations over the nights of September 14-17, 2005 yielded a synodic rotation period of 4.2905. ±. 0.0065. h, which is consistent with the results of Nolan et al. (2013). ECAS color measurements made during the same nights confirm the B-type classification of Clark et al. (Clark, B.E., Binzel, R.P., Howell, E.S., Cloutis, E.A., Ockert-Bell, M., Christensen, P., Barucci, M.A., DeMeo, F., Lauretta, D.S., Connolly, H., Soderberg, A., Hergenrother, C., Lim, L., Emery, J., Mueller, M. [2011]. Icarus 216, 462-475). A search for the 0.7. μm hydration feature using the method of Vilas (Vilas, F. [1994]. Icarus 111, 456-467) did not reveal its presence. Photometry was obtained over a range of phase angles from 15° to 96° between 2005 and 2012. The resulting phase function slope of 0.040 magnitudes per degree is consistent with the phase slopes of other low albedo near-Earth asteroids (Belskaya, I.N., Shevchenko, V.G. [2000]. Icarus 147, 94-105). © 2013 Elsevier Inc
Lightcurve, Color and Phase Function Photometry of the OSIRIS-REx Target Asteroid (101955) Bennu
No full textThe NASA OSIRIS-REx mission will retrieve a sample of the carbonaceous near-Earth Asteroid (101955) Bennu and return it to Earth in 2023. Photometry in the Eight Color Asteroid Survey (ECAS) filter system and Johnson-Cousins V and R filters were conducted during the two most recent apparitions in 2005/2006 and 2011/2012. Lightcurve observations over the nights of September 14-17, 2005 yielded a synodic rotation period of 4.2905 +/- 0.0065 h, which is consistent with the results of Nolan et al. (2013). ECAS color measurements made during the same nights confirm the B-type classification of Clark et al. (Clark, B.E., Binzel, R.P., Howell, E.S., Cloutis, EA, Ockert-Bell, M., Christensen, P., Barucci, MA, DeMeo, F., Lauretta, D.S., Connolly, H., Soderberg, A., Hergenrother, C., Lim, L., Emery, J., Mueller, M. [2011]. Icarus 216, 462-475). A search for the 0.7 mu m hydration feature using the method of Vilas (Vilas, F. [1994]. Icarus 111, 456-467) did not reveal its presence. Photometry was obtained over a range of phase angles from 15 degrees to 96 degrees between 2005 and 2012. The resulting phase function slope of 0.040 magnitudes per degree is consistent with the phase slopes of other low albedo near-Earth asteroids (Belskaya, I.N., Shevchenko, V.G. [2000]. Icarus 147, 94-105). (C) 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved
A report from the Office of the University Economist
No full texttableOfContents: Summary -- Introduction -- Description of data -- Standardization of data -- Revenues -- Expenditures -- Funding for elementary and secondary education per student -- Funding for higher education per student -- Funding for corrections per inmate -- Funding for social services per recipien
CMB polarization map derived from the WMAP 5 year data through harmonic internal linear combination
No full textUdgivelsesdato: 21 Jan
CMB map derived from the WMAP data through harmonic internal linear combination
No full textcosmology Udgivelsesdato: 12 Ma
The cinema tragic-poetic of Pier Paolo Pasolini: Appunti per unOrestiade africana, Oedipus Rex, Medeia
No full textEsta tese tem por objeto textos que se voltam para o homem: o cinema trágico-
poético de Pier Paolo Pasolini e as tragédias gregas clássicas. Este autor de cinema
se debruçou sobre os textos trágicos, pois via neles um fundamento político,
ou seja, a superação pela razão de um passado arcaico do homem, que gerava sua
incerteza existencial. Primeiramente, tendo traduzido a Oréstia, de Ésquilo, o diretor
italiano identificou nesse texto aquilo que ele, como humanista que era, desejava
fosse alcançado pelo homem moderno: a superação do medo causado pelo irracional
que sempre habitou a mente humana. Esta interpretação da Oréstia, aliada às
convicções previamente firmadas pelo diretor e poeta a capacidade dos ingênuos
de formar uma nova ideologia e a persistência no homem moderno de certa irracionalidade
domada pela razão levou à realização do filme Appunti per unOrestiade
africana (1967), um filme otimista quanto ao triunfo da razão. Tendo feito esses apontamentos,
Pasolini jamais rodaria seu filme sobre a Oréstia, passando a uma
perspectiva pessimista, com a filmagem de Medeia (1969), cuja frase final da personagem-
título Nada mais é possível doravante aponta para Salò, o último filme
que ele realizou, marcado pela desesperança, pouco antes de morrer assassinado.
Édipo Rei (1967) foi o primeiro dos filmes trágicos e o mais mítico deles. Neste último
ainda persistem as convicções de Pasolini apontadas acima, o que o identifica
com Accattone (1961), conforme declarou o próprio diretor, e indica também a linha
da análise crítica realizada nesta tese. Com base na crítica especializada (Canevacci
e Fusillo) foi possível demonstrar a peculiar adaptação do trágico ancestral ao cinema
de poesia pasoliniano, através de uma filmografia ideologicamente infensa a
concessões à indústria culturalThe objects of the present work are texts about Man: the tragic-poetic cinema
of Pier Paolo Pasolini and the classical Greek tragedies. That cinema author dedicated
much attention to tragic texts, in which he saw a political foundation: the overcoming,
by reason, of mans archaic past, which caused his existential uncertainty.
After having translated Aeschyluss Oresteia, the Italian director identified in this text
what he, as a humanist, hoped that modern man would achieve: the overcoming of
the fear caused by the irrational that has always dwelt in the human mind. This interpretation
of the Oresteia, coupled with other convictions held by the poet/director
that the naïve could form a new ideology, and the persistency, in modern man, of
rationally-tamed irrationality led him to film Appunti per unOrestiade africana
(1967), an optimistic film as concerns the triumph of reason. After having taken down
the notes, Pasolini would never come to make the Oresteia film, but moved on towards
a pessimistic perspective my filming Medea (1969), the last sentence of which,
said by the protagonist Nothing is possible any longer points towards Salò, his
last film, as he was murdered shortly afterwards. Oedipus Rex (1967) was the first of
his tragic films, and the most mythical of all. In it, some of Pasolinis early convictions
mentioned above can be seen to persist, so that, in a sense, Oedipus Rex is evocative
of Accattone (1961), as, in fact, has been confirmed by the director himself. The
critical approach taken in the present work has been inspired on this. By resorting to
specialized criticism (Canevacci, Fusillo) it was possible to demonstrate the peculiar
adaptation of the ancestral tragic that takes place in Pasolinis poetry cinema by
means of a filmography that remained ideologically contrary to concessions to the
culture industr
Property income : an expert's insight on the issue in Arizona
No full textabstract: Per capita earnings in Arizona has been lower than the national average for decades. The 2011 differential of 19 percent is the largest on record; the typical differential has been between 10 and 15 percent. Thus, for residents who have spent some or all of their working life in the state, the state’s historically low per capita earnings help to explain the state’s below-average per capita property incomeIndicator insight ; v. 4, issue
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