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PFAS belastning på torskepopulasjonen i indre Oslofjord: Romlige variasjon, sett i sammenheng med miljøeksponering, og fysiologiske stressresponser
Get PDFIndre Oslofjord har en moderat økologisk - og en dårlig kjemisk tilstand. Torskebestanden har hatt en kraftig nedgang hvor individene er i relativt dårlig forfatning med få tegn til bedring, til tross fangstforbud av torsk siden 2019. Miljøgiftbelastningen i fjorden er moderat, og anses som en del av Oslofjordens utfordringer med flere kunnskapshull blant annet rettet mot effekter på torsk. Reguleringer av Per- og polyfluorerte forbindelser (PFAS) blir stadig strengere, og denne stoffgruppen er blant de prioriterte miljøgiftene i indre Oslofjord, med spesielt fokus på perfluoroktan-sulfonat (PFOS), som blir funnet i torskelever og miljøet i fjorden.
På bakgrunn av dette ble kunnskapshull knyttet til romlig variasjon i PFAS konsentrasjon i torsk og miljøet, samt mulige fysiologiske effekter fra PFAS eksponering undersøkt, med spesielt fokus på PFOS. Prøvematerialet ble innhentet høsten 2024, og bestod av torskelever, sediment og bunnvannsprøver fra soner i en indre gradient med en generell forventning om høyest PFAS konsentrasjon innerst i Oslofjorden fra Bærumsbassenget > Ostøya > Ildjernet, og lavere lenger ute ved sonen i Drøbak. Torskens kondisjonsfaktor, leversomatiske indeks (LSI), alder og aldersjusterte lengde ble beregnet fra feltmålinger. Høypresisjonsvæskekromatografi-massespektrometri ble benyttet for kvantifisering av PFAS konsentrasjon i bunnvann-, sediment- og leverprøverLoss of igniton ble benyttet som metode for å anslå andelen organisk materiale i sediment, i forbindelse med sorpsjon av PFAS.
Resultatene indikerte en trend for bunnvann der det ble detektert flest PFAS med alkylkjeder kortere enn 8C i bunnvann, hvor PFPeA hadde høyest konsentrasjon ≤ 0,52 ng/kg. PFOS ble målt over grenseverdien i kystvann på 0,13 ng/l i alle sonene for kroniske toksiske eksponeringseffekter ved langtidseksponering av kystvann, med høyest måling i Bærumsbassenget på 0,34 ng/kg. Dette var også tilfellet for PFOS som hadde høyest konsentrasjon i sediment, hvor alle sonegjennomsnitt var over 0,23 ng/g, med høyest konsentrasjon ved prøvepunktet nord for Håøya ved Drøbak på 0,68 ng/g våtvekt og lavest ved Bærumsbassenget på 0,24 ng/g. PFUnDA hadde nest høyest konsentrasjon i sediment, også høyest nord for Håøya (0,41 ng/g våtvekt). Generelt var konsentrasjonen av PFAS høyest i Drøbak, noe som ikke var forventet med hensyn på gradienten. målingene i sediment var lavest for Ildjernet og prøvepunktet ved Drøbak sør for Håøya. I bunnvann var dette tilfelle for de to nordligste prøvepunktene ved Drøbak nord og øst for Håøya. Disse trenden var ikke entydige for samtlige PFAS-forbindelser. På bakgrunn av dette kan det antas at mulige kilder både er langtransporterte og lokale, og kan være et tema å undersøke videre. av PFAS-forbindelser i torskelever viste at PFOS også var den dominerende forbindelsen over alle sonene med konsentrasjon ≥ 5,06 ng/g våtvekt, hvor konsentrasjonen for Drøbak var > EQS på 9,1 ng/g våtvekt som indikerer toksisk effektnivå. Det var samtidig stor spredning i målinger for torsk fanget i Drøbak. PFOA ble detektert langt under EQS for alle prøvetypene, med høyeste konsentrasjon på 0,09 ng/g våtvekt i torskelever (EQS = 91 ng/g). Det ble observert en sammenheng mellom økende PFAS konsentrasjon i torskelever og i sediment, spesielt med hensyn på PFOS, når sedimentprøvene fra hele området ved Drøbaksonen nord og øst for Håøya ble inkludert. Dette kan indikerer at det er variasjon i områdebruk mellom individene som ble målt, og at vandring og habitatutnyttelse kan påvirke PFAS opptaket. Det ble funnet en negativ korrelasjon mellom flere PFAS, deriblant PFOS, i lever og LSI, som indikerer at PFAS bidrar som en stressfaktor på torsken i indre Oslofjorden. Samtidig kreves det videre undersøkelser for å forklare kausaliteten mellom LSI, PFOS og evt. andre stressorer, i tillegg til videre forståelse av torskens vandringsmønster.The Inner Oslofjord has been evaluated to be in a moderate ecological- and a bad chemical state. This has also been observed in the declining and poor cod population, where the improving effects of the protection act induced in 2019 is yet to be seen. The load of environmental pollutants in the fjord is moderate and is viewed as one of the challenges with several knowledge gaps also angled to the effects on cod. Stricter regulations of Per- and polyfluorinated species (PFAS) are increasing, and the compound is one of the prioritized pollutant groups in the Inner Oslofjord, especially considering the species perfluoroktan-sulfonat (PFOS), and is measured in both cod liver and the environment in the fjord.
Based on this, the aim was to study the knowledge gaps in context with the spatial variation of PFAS in cod and the environment, as well as the possible effects from exposure focusing on PFOS. The cod liver, sediment and seawater samples were collected in the autumn of 2024, from four zones. There was expected a gradient in PFAS concentration based on the zones in this order: Bærumsbassenget > Ostøya > Ildjernet > Drøbak. The fish's condition factor (K-factor), liver somatic index (LSI), age and age adjusted length were derived from field measurements. High-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry was chosen as the analysis method to quantify PFAS in the samples, and loss of ignition was applied to estimate the amount of organic material in the sediment samples.
The results indicated a trend where the short chained PFAS ( 0,23 ng/g. The highest concentration at 0,68 ng/g wet weight (ww) was measured in Drøbak at the sample point north of Håøya, and the lowest = 0,24 ng/g ww was measured for the zone in Bærumbassenget. PFUnDA had the second highest average over all zones, and the highest concentration (0,41 ng/g ww) was also found north of Håøya. This general trend with highest concentrations in parts of the Drøbak zone, did not correspond with the expected gradient. However, the lowest PFAS concentrations were found in Drøbak south of Håøya, and at Ildjernet. The sample points north and east of Håøya had the lowest concentrations in seawater. This was not an unambiguous trend for alle the PFAS compounds and can indicate that the sources to PFAS in the Oslofjord arrive from both point sources and long-range transport. PFOS was the dominating species in cod liver, where all zones had an concentration ≥ 5,06 ng/g ww, and the highest was found to be in Drøbak > Environmental quality standard (EQS) at 9,1 ng/g ww indicating levels exceeding toxic effect concentration. The observations for cod in Drøbak had, however, the biggest dispersion. PFOA was detected far below the EQS for all samples, with the highest concentration at 0,09 ng/g ww. There was a statistically significant relation between increasing PFAS concentration in cod liver and sediment, especially considering PFOS when alle the sediment sample points were included. This indicates that the dispersion in PFOS concentration between cod individuals seen in Drøbak might be due to variation in migration and habitat utilization. There was found a negative correlation between several PFAS, PFOS amongst others, and LSI, which implies that PFAS might contribute as a stress factor. Meanwhile, there is still required further investigation of the causal relationship between PFOS, LSI and other stressors that the cod in the Inner Oslofjord are exposed to
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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