17,080 research outputs found
臺灣產三叉蚜繭蜂屬之一新種 (膜翅目：小繭蜂科)
No full text三叉蚜繭蜂屬(Trioxys)隸膜翅目、小繭蜂科、蚜繭蜂亞科，乃蚜蟲之寄生蜂；本文描述臺灣產寄生於危害桂竹之毛竹綿粉蚜(Phyllaphoides bambusicola Takahashi)之一新種：Trioxys (Trioxys) liui Chou & Chou sp. nov. 劉氏三叉蚜繭蜂，並輔以重要之性狀圖
Earinus bicolor Chou et Sharkey 1989
No full textEarinus bicolor Chou et Sharkey, 1989 Earinus bicolor Chou & Sharkey, 1989: 184; Chen & Yang, 2006: 155. Distribution. China (Taiwan, Fujian?).Published as part of Tang, Pu, Achterberg, Cornelis Van & Chen, Xue-Xin, 2018, Review of the genus Earinus Wesmael (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Agathidinae) from China, pp. 345-358 in Zootaxa 4504 (3) on page 349, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4504.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/260643
Transcoding the I Ching as Composition Techniques in Chou Wen Chung, Zhao Xiaosheng and Chung Yiu Kwong
Full text linkThis article examined into three Chinese composers’ compositional method based on the ancient Chinese philosophy I Ching. Transcoding the 64 hexagrams of the I Ching in the piano solo works of Chou Wen Chung, Zhao Xiao Sheng and Chung Yiu Kwong display new representative of Chinese New Music. The analysis shows Chou and Chung’s creations that emphasize the use of the 64 hexagrams within a Westernized context, while Zhao brought out a new and individual compositional method based on the Chinese ancient philosophy that shows a complete departure from the West.
Man Wen Yüan Tang 滿文原檔 and Huang Tzu Tang 黄字檔 : Examination of its Amendment
Full text linkMan Wen Lao Tang 滿文老檔, which is materials on the history of the early Ching period, is the compilation of Man Wen Yuan Tang 滿文原檔 (owned by the National Palace Museum at Taipei), which was published as Chiu Man Chou Tang 舊滿洲檔. Many things in this period are clarified through Yuan Tang. To examine Lao Tang, I investigated Huang Tzu Tang 黄字檔, a collection of ejehe (rescripts) in Yuan Tang. As a result I pointed out the need to clarify later amendments, such as unknown deletions, rewritings, corrections, and so on. To reexamine Lao Tang which records the amendments made to Huang Tzu Tang, we must restore the original copy of Huang Tzu Tang without these amendments and clarify the age when it was amended. While I restored the ejehe about Asan brothers in Huang Tzu Tang supposed to be the one of the 11th year of T'ienming 天命 by Lao Tang and clarified the process of amending to it, I compared their careers. Then the following becomes clear. Huang Tzu Tang is likely to have been copied in the 8th month of the 10th year of T'ienming. It is clear that the amendments made to it reached the 8th month of the 3rd year of T'ients'ung 天聰. The ejehe of Huang Tzu Tang tells the situation of the 3rd year of T'ients'ung against the accounts of Lao Tang
[[alternative]]A STUDY ON ELEMENTARY EDUCATION IN CHING TAIWAN (1684-1895)
No full text[[abstract]]The main purposes of the study are:
1. To understand the origin of the institutions of the elementary education in Ching Taiwan.
2. To inquire the development and changes of the institutions of elementary education in Ching Taiwan.
3. To discuss the contributions of the elementary education to the transmission of Taiwanese culture and education.
Historical method was undertaken. First-hand and second-hand ones sources were used, such as official documents, private materials, and publications.
The main findings of this study are as follows:
1. Community schools (She-sheh), charity schools (I-sheh), and private schools were the three major patterns of the institutions of the elementary education in Ching Taiwan
2. She-sheh emerged from the Yuan dynasty, I-sheh from the Song dynasty, and private school from the Han dynasty. She-sheh and I-sheh were established and sponsored by the public, but private schools did not so.
3. In Ching Taiwan, the total numbers of She-sheh were about 273, I-sheh about 83, and private schools about 1127. She-sheh played the major role before Emperor Chang-Long, but private schools took its place after Emperor Chia-Ching. As to I-sheh had much less influence than the others.
4.Compared to the formal schools, county schools and academies, private schools played a significant role in the educational development in Ching Taiwan, which importance should not be ignored any more.
Indo-European vocabulary in Old Chinese : a new thesis on the emergence of Chinese language and civilization in the late Neolithic age
No full textThis study is a much expanded version of the paper I read at the XXXII International Congress for Asian and North African Studies on August 28, 1986 in Hamburg (Germany). Contents 1. Recent developments in the field of historical linguistics 2. Monosyllabic structure of Chinese words and Indo-European stems 3. Tonal accents of Middle Chinese 4. Preliminaries on the comparison of consonants and vowels 5. Some IE stems corresponding to Chinese words of entering tone 6. Middle Chinese tones and final consonants of IE stems 7. Some IE stems corresponding to Chinese words of rising tone 8. Some IE stems corresponding to Chinese words of vanishing tone 9. Some IE stems corresponding to Chinese words of level tone 10. Reconstruction of Middle Chinese vocalism according to Yün-ching 11. Old Chinese vocalism 12. Vocalic correspondences between Chinese and IE 13. Initials of Old Chinese 14. Initial consonant clusters in Old Chinese as seen from IE-stems 15. Proximity of Chinese to Germanic 16. Relation of Old Chinese to neighboring languages 17. Emergence of Chinese Empire and language in the middle of the third millennium B.C. Appendix * Abbrevations * Bibliography * Rhyme Tables of Early Middle Chinese (600) * Rhyme Tables of Early Mandarin (1300) * Word Index o English o Pinyin In 1786, just over two hundred years ago, comparative historical linguistics was born, when Sir William Jones (1746-1794) discovered the relationship between Old-Indian Sanskrit, Greek, and Latin. Since then, the emerging Indo-European philology has thrown much light on the early history of mankind in Eurasia. During the past two hundred years, many suggestions were also made in regard to relationships of Indo-European to other languages such as Semitic, Altaic, Austronesian, Korean etc., but Indo-Europeanists commonly rejected such attempts for want of convincing evidence. As to Chinese, Joseph Edkins was the first to advance the thesis of its proximity to Indo-European. In his work China's Place in Philology. An Attempt to show that the Language of Europe and Asia have a Common Origin (1871) he presented a number of Chinese words similar to those of Indo-European. In his time, Edkins' thesis seemed bold and extravagant. But today, more than a hundred years later, we are in a much better position to carry out a comprehensive and well-founded comparative study. Since the end of the nineteenth century, many Sinologists have been engaged in reconstruction of the mediaeval and archaic readings of Chinese characters. Among them, Karlgren (1889-1978) was the most successful, and in 1940 he published a comprehensive phonological and etymological dictionary entitled Grammata Serica. In the meantime, the Indo-Europeanists Alois Walde (1869-1924) and Julius Pokorny (1887-1970) were devoting themselves to the compilation of a useful etymological dictionary. The result was the Indogermanisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch by Pokorny (1959) which provides a solid basis for our lexical comparisons. Soon thereafter, some Sinologists made use of the two dictionaries by Karlgren and Pokorny to compare Chinese and Indo-European words. In 1967, an unaffiliated German scholar, Jan Ulenbrook, published an article "Einige Übereinstirnrnungen zwischen dem Chinesischen und dem Indogermanischen", in which he claimed that 57 words are related. Shortly afterwards, Tor Ulving of the University of Goteborg, Sweden, wrote a review of this article framing the title as a question: "Indo-European elements in Chinese?" While working on his thesis on word families in Chinese, Ulving compiled for his own use two dictionaries: "Archaic Chinese - English" and "English - Archaic Chinese", and discovered thereby 238 Chinese words similar to Indo-European roots. In spite of this considerable number of word equivalents, however, Mr. Ulving became discouraged and, as he told me in his letter of April, 1986, has given up his researches in this field. The skepticism, common among Indo-Europeanists in regard to comparative studies with other languages, is largely based on the dogmatic opinion that only morphology is relevant but not vocabulary. Since the typology of Chinese seems to preclude a cognate relation to Indo-European, they are inclined to discard any lexical correspondences as merely accidental or onomatopoetic. Besides, prehistorical contacts and mixtures between these languages seem not conceivable, as the Indo-Europeans are supposed to have originated in Northern Europe or at best in the Central Asian steppe, thousands of miles away from East Asia. Hence, any research into a relationship between Old Chinese and Indo-European languages would be but futile from the outset. Yet there are also opposing views among Indo-Europeanists. Investigations into Germanic languages and the oldest Indo-European language, Hittite, led some of them to a critical revision of the prevailing conception about a Proto-Indo-European. Hermann Hirt (1934) for instance states: "Inflexion of Indo-European languages is due to a relatively late development, and its correct comprehension can be achieved only by proceeding from the time of non-inflexion." And Carl Karstien (1936) holds the opinion that "Chinese corresponds most ideally to the hypothetic prototype of Indo-European." Regarding vocabulary, there are striking similarities in the monosyllabic structure of the basic words. In modern German and English, all the words of everyday speech are monosyllabic and their stereotypical structure is: initial consonant(s) + vowel(s) + final consonant(s). The same word structure is valid for Chinese as well. It is fundamentally different from the disyllabic structure of Altaic words and from the triconsonantal-disyllabic structure of Semitic words. Characteristic of the monosyllabic word structure is, besides, the complexity of the syllable nucleus, which consists of different vowels and vowel clusters in contrast to the monophthongal vocalism of polysyllabic words. Another objection raised to comparisons between Chinese and Indo-European is the existence of tonal accents in Chinese. Since most modern Indo-European languages have only expiratory accents, Chinese is considered to be a highly exotic language. Yet, even in Chinese, the use of tonal accents as a means of lexical differentiation is a result of comparatively recent development in the long history of Chinese language, the earliest monuments of which date back to 1300 B.C. (cf. Chang 1970, p.21). Unknown to Old Chinese, the existence of tonal accents was for the first time mentioned in the 5th century by Shen Yüeh (441-513). In Middle Chinese (Mch.) there were four tone categories: A P'ing-sheng 平 a level tone (which developed into Mandarin tone 1 or 2). B Shang-sheng 上 a rising tone (Mandarin tone 3). C Ch'u-sheng 去 a vanishing, i.e. falling tone (Mandarin tone 4). D Ju-sheng 入 an entering tone with a staccato effect, the word being abruptly stopped by a final consonant -p, -t, -k. (In Early Mandarin the words of this tone lost their final consonant and were distributed among the tones 2, 3 and 4, respectively according to the phonation of initials). In Middle Chinese, words of the entering tone were the only group which still preserved the final stops and therefore a close syllabic structure. So they are most appropriate for convincing comparisons with monosyllabic Indo-European word stems. The final stops -p, -t, -k of the entering tone are nowadays still extant in daily speech of several dialects in South China as well as in Chinese borrowings in Japanese, Vietnamese and Korean. As a speaker of a Taiwan dialect of Minnan origin, I could immediately identify some Indo-European stems with corresponding Chinese words. Besides, the command of Japanese and German was also a great help for this study. In the following lists I have chosen a number of Indo-European stems which are phonetically and semantically equivalent to Chinese words. Correspondences in initial and final consonants refer to the points of articulation, thus we have equations: IE labials = Old Chinese labials, IE dentals = dentals, IE l, r = dentals (cf. p. 31); Ø, i (final and medial) IE velars = velars and laryngeals, and occasionally (the so-called "satem"-forms) IE velars = dental sibilants and affricates. Regarding the manner of articulation, there are no regular correspondences between Indo-European and Chinese consonants like Grimm's law which is valid among Indo-European dialects to a certain extent. But this is not astonishing, since in Old Chinese the alternation of initials in voicing was a conventional means of creating new words from one basic form. The rules of vocalic correpondences among Indo-European dialects are quite complex. Vowels permanently change their qualities from one language to another, and from time to time within one language also, as is well known from the history of English pronunciations. Generally, the vocalism of Old Greek is taken as the standard for Proto-Indo-European. Old Chinese vowels corresponds nearly (cf. p. 30), but the details about the reconstruction of Middle and Old Chinese vocalism will be treated later (pp. 26-30). For the moment, it is necessary to notice in advance that the stem of ablauting Germanic verbs is the form of preterite or noun, rather than that of infinitive as assumed hitherto. Therefore, in some cases I must slightly modify the basic vowel of verbal stems given in Pokorny, in order to get better basis for comparison. As Old Chinese verbs were non-flexional, they might probably have preserved the original vowel the best
VR-based Motion Simulator for Ships on Real-time Rendered Dynamic Ocean
No full text這篇論文以物理上的力學系統為架構，探討船在虛擬實境(virtual reality)上的建模以及運動的模擬。我們使用搭載NVIDIA GeForce Go 7400顯示卡的電腦（CPU @2.00GHz）即時的建構一個海洋表面來當做我們的虛擬場景，海浪的大小是根據地心引力及風的方向與強度來產生，在此我們引入海洋學上的波譜理論。另外，為了達到真實與即時的場景繪製，採用圖形處理單元(GPU)來協助並完成著色，同時動態海面上的反射現象與菲涅耳(Fresnel)效應也被我們所考慮。在建構船舶模型上，所受的力與力矩是根據動態海浪的流體力學理論來施予。我們提出一個新的演算法對我們的船身格化成為點，並且依據3D中的數學理論將每個點在世界座摽中定位，並根據浮力去計算船舶在海面下的體積，以及其他流體力學的受力狀況，來模擬船的運動狀態，此外這個場景也可以被我們整合在六自由度的平台上去感知真實的運動情況。This thesis is focused on the construction of physical dynamic system about the ship modeling and motion simulation on virtual reality. We introduce the deep ocean surface constructed as our virtual environment in real-time by personal computer which is mounted NVIDIA GeForce Go 7400 graphics card and 2.00GHz CPU. We introduce an ocean spectrum theorem, so the ocean wave is created by defining the gravity and the wind. Further more, in order to obtain the real-time and realistic rendering ocean scenery, we adopt Graphics Processor Unit (GPU) hardware on shading color. The reflection phenomenon and Fresnel effect are concerned on our dynamic ocean. On ship modeling, the forces and torques are calculated from the generated dynamic waves, which are based on the hydrodynamics and transferred to our ship model. We present a new algorithm to assign points on ship hull, and apply the 3D mathematics theorem to locate each point. According to the calculation of the volume of ship below the ocean surface, we can approach the dynamics of the ship. This simulation can also be integrated with the 6 degree-of-freedom motion platform to generate realistic motion sensation.誌謝 II
摘要 III
Abstract IV
Table of Contents V
List of Figures VII
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
1.1 Background and Motivation 1
1.2 Related Works on Ship and Ocean wave modeling 3
1.3 Thesis Organization 7
Chapter 2 Ocean Dynamics and Rendering 8
2.1 Ocean Waves Modeling 8
2.2 Ocean Wave Parameters 11
2.2.1 Amplitude 11
2.2.2 Wavelength and Pulsation 16
2.2.3 Wave Direction 18
2.3 Ocean Rendering 19
2.3.1 Reflection and Refraction 20
2.3.2 The Fresnel Effect 23
2.3.3 Shading for The Ocean 26
Chapter 3 Ship Modeling and Dynamics 29
3.1 Preliminary Rigid Body Dynamics 29
3.1.1 Position and Orientation 29
3.1.2 The Velocity of a Rigid Body 32
3.1.3 Equations of Motion 33
3.1.4 Forward Euler Integration 35
3.2 The Ship Modeling 36
3.3 Ship Forces and Torques 39
3.3.1 Forces and Torques of Gravity and Sea Wave 41
3.3.2 The Wind Force 48
3.3.3 The Rudder and Propeller Force and Torque 50
Chapter 4 Implementation 52
4.1 Ocean Wave Modeling 52
4.1.1 Wave Modeling 52
4.1.2 Ocean Modeling 56
4.2 GPU Shading 61
4.3 Ship Modeling and Dynamics 64
4.3.1 Ship Modeling 64
4.3.2 Ship Dynamics 69
4.4 Integrated Simulation Loop 73
Chapter 5 Experimental Results 75
5.1 Ocean 75
5.2 Ship 79
5.3 System Integration with 6-dof Motion Platform 81
Chapter 6 Conclusions 84
References 86
Appendix 9
The Houses of Duke Chou and Duke Shao : Some Questions Concerning the Origin of the Book of Shao Kao
Full text linkNot enough has been clarified about the origin of the early part of the Shu Ching. In this respect, what needs be determined first may be the relationship between Duke Chou 周公 and Duke Shao 召公, the two principal characters in those books. The two dukes, who used to be considered brothers or kinsmen, have been established by recent researches as the representatives of two tribes that had earlier been subject to the Yin but cooperated with the Chou at the time of the latter’s overthrow of the Yin at the end of the eleventh century B. C. The Shao, in particular, joined the Chou camp out of fear that a part of its territory might be confiscated by the Yin.The earliest part of the Shu Ching seems to be based upon the theme of the antagonism between Duke Chou and Duke Shao. Firstly, after the death of King Wu 武王, his younger brother Duke Chou succeeded to the throne as the former’s son King Ch’eng 成王 was still a minor, thus incurring ill feeling of the Chou Clansmen and the tribal chieftains who had supported the Chou. Secondly, the city of Lo i 洛邑, that was built for governing the East after the suppression of the Easterners which had taken place after the death of King Wu, was situated within the sphere of influence of Duke Shao. We learn from the Shu Ching and the bronze inscriptions that Duke Shao, who was younger than Duke Chou by more than thirty years, could never contend with the latter on an equal footing as long as the latter was alive. Duke Chou abdicated after seven years in favor of King Ch’eng and died after a little over three years thereafter. This changed the situation for Duke Shao. The earlier books of the Shu Ching, the Lo Kao 洛誥 and the likes, seldom refer to Duke Shao and ascribe the establishment and government of Lo i to Duke Chou, while such books as the Shao Kao 召誥 and the Chün Shih 君奭 say that the same city was built by nobody but Duke Shao and that his government was entrusted by King Ch’eng. The present order of the books in the Shu Ching, which predates the Shao Kao to the Lo Kao, is due to still later editing.The present author reconstructs, from the bronze inscriptions, the process in which Duke Shao, after the death of Duke Chou, deported the latter’s descendants to faraway places and took over the control of Lo i. He concludes that the two books, Shao Kao and Chün Shih, were written to justify Duke Shao’s sway over that city.journal articl
The concept of peace in the Tao Te Ching
Full text linkThis thesis represents a first attempt to analyze Lao Tzu's main method of resolving the social and political problems in Ch'un Ch'iu and Warring States Periods. Lao Tzu, the founder of Taoism, suggested many solutions that could bring an end to the conflicts and to the ending of the disunity of China. Examples of these include the reform or abolishment of some ancient Chinese institutions as well as new principles for the enhancement and preservation of life. All these ideas were to become crystallised in Tao Te Ch'ing, which became an important religious text. In particular, the aspect of Lao Tzu's methods for solving the social and political problems of China in the Warring States Period needs more attention. In each chapter of the Tao Te Ch'ing there was a main emphasis on peace as the main method of developing social cohesion and as a cure to all fundamental human problems. Therefore, Lao Tzu's ideas about peace and his methods of solving the problems of the Warring States period are significant and from the main focus of the thesis
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