1,720,959 research outputs found
A hostage economy: The impact of Rhodesia\u27s Unilateral Declaration of Independence on Zambia, 1965-79
Full text linkIn November 1965, Rhodesia’s Prime Minister Ian Smith announced a Unilateral Declaration of Independence (UDI), prompting the United Nations and the British government to impose economic and financial sanctions on his government. In the context of regional politics of decolonisation, the Zambian government interpreted UDI as a moral affront to African freedom, independence, dignity as well as posing a grave danger to the country’s national security. They responded to the crisis by supporting international sanctions on Rhodesia and embarked on an exercise to extricate the economy from dependence on the illegal regime. This article traces part of these strategic initiatives employed by the Zambian government in response to UDI and illustrates how strict compliance to international sanctions along with economic disengagement severely strained the country’s economic stability. It argues that although UDI immeasurably compromised Zambia’s development efforts and brutally exposed the limitations and vulnerability of its economy, ultimately the government exploited the situation to its advantage by promoting the country’s development agenda through establishment of alternative transport routes, new sources of energy and electricity, and import substitution industries. Economic diversification became a major priority of government policy in the wake of UDI. The article utilises evidence from the Zambian archives to investigate the nature and extent of the challenges and opportunities UDI imposed on Zambia’s economy between 1965 and 1979. Until now, scholars have hardly interrogated this aspect
The Impact of Rhodesia’s Unilateral Declaration of Independence (UDI) on Zambia’s Economic and Socio-political Developments, 1965-1979
Full text linkOn 11 November 1965, Ian Douglas Smith defied world opinion and proclaimed a Unilateral Declaration of Independence (UDI) in Rhodesia. Rhodesia’s UDI posed a major challenge in the context of politics of decolonisation generally in Africa and southern Africa in particular. The Zambian government interpreted UDI as a moral affront to African freedom, independence and dignity as well as posing a grave danger to the country’s national security. Inevitably, in its response to the Rhodesian act of rebellion, the Zambian government firmly opposed the white supremacist illegal regime in Rhodesia. The confrontational stance adopted by the Zambian government against UDI had serious consequences for the country’s economic and socio-political stability. This study attempts to examine the impact of Rhodesia’s UDI on Zambia’s economic and socio-political developments from 1965 to 1979. The study contends that the effects of UDI on the Zambian economy were far-reaching largely because Zambia’s economy was firmly dependent on Rhodesia. The study further analyses the impact of UDI on socio-political processes in Zambia. This analysis is based on the assumption that a country’s pursuance of certain foreign policy objectives usually has implications on the country’s domestic politics. This is mainly because diverse groups in society tend to contest or call for adjustment of the government’s foreign policy on a wide range of international issues. In Zambia’s case, the study argues that the Zambian government was subjected to a barrage of criticism by the opposition political parties, the members of parliament and the business community for adopting a hostile foreign policy on UDI. The basis of this vilification was premised on the argument that Zambia’s foreign policy on UDI was pursued at the expense of the country’s economic stability
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
A Good Measure of Sacrifice: Aspects of Zambia’s Contribution to the Liberation Wars in Southern Africa, 1964-1975
Full text linkFrom the early 1960s, and throughout the 1970s, southern African liberation movements successfully waged wars of national liberation, forcing white minority regimes to negotiate independence under black majority rule. This success partly stemmed from extensive diplomatic, military, and material support extended to various liberation movements by regional alliances such as the frontline states and transnational state actors and solidarity movements. This article examines salient aspects of Zambia’s contribution as a prominent regional actor to the liberation wars in southern Africa. In doing so, it underlines the nature and significance of Zambia’s support for the liberation movements. I argue that Zambia’s authorities employed a dual strategy, war and diplomacy, in seeking to secure black majority rule in the region, but for mainly economic reasons, they were more inclined to pursue diplomatic approaches rather than exclusively relying on violence. They backed armed struggle only to the extent that it was a necessary instrument to coerce the white minority regimes to the negotiating table, but this strategy had limited success, and created numerous tensions and contradictions. Some nationalist leaders accused Zambia’s authorities of undermining the liberation wars. Based extensively on new Zambian archival documents and interviews with former Zambian leaders, this article brings fresh evidence about the intricacies of Zambia’s contribution to the liberation wars in southern Africa
The Impact of Rhodesia’s Unilateral Declaration of Independence (UDI) on Zambia’s Economic and Socio-political Developments, 1965-1979
No full textOn 11 November 1965, Ian Douglas Smith defied world opinion and proclaimed a Unilateral Declaration of Independence (UDI) in Rhodesia. Rhodesia’s UDI posed a major challenge in the context of politics of decolonisation generally in Africa and southern Africa in particular. The Zambian government interpreted UDI as a moral affront to African freedom, independence and dignity as well as posing a grave danger to the country’s national security. Inevitably, in its response to the Rhodesian act of rebellion, the Zambian government firmly opposed the white supremacist illegal regime in Rhodesia. The confrontational stance adopted by the Zambian government against UDI had serious consequences for the country’s economic and socio-political stability. This study attempts to examine the impact of Rhodesia’s UDI on Zambia’s economic and socio-political developments from 1965 to 1979. The study contends that the effects of UDI on the Zambian economy were far-reaching largely because Zambia’s economy was firmly dependent on Rhodesia. The study further analyses the impact of UDI on socio-political processes in Zambia. This analysis is based on the assumption that a country’s pursuance of certain foreign policy objectives usually has implications on the country’s domestic politics. This is mainly because diverse groups in society tend to contest or call for adjustment of the government’s foreign policy on a wide range of international issues. In Zambia’s case, the study argues that the Zambian government was subjected to a barrage of criticism by the opposition political parties, the members of parliament and the business community for adopting a hostile foreign policy on UDI. The basis of this vilification was premised on the argument that Zambia’s foreign policy on UDI was pursued at the expense of the country’s economic stability
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Decolonising Southern Africa : a history of Zambia's role in Zimbabwe's liberation struggle 1964-1979
Full text linkThesis (DPhil)--University of Pretoria, 2015.This thesis attempts to reconstruct the history of Zambia s role in Zimbabwe s liberation struggle from 1964 to the latter part of 1979. In doing so, it examines key aspects of Zambia s contribution to the liberation struggle by analysing the broad range of assistance accorded to the Zimbabwe African People s Union (ZAPU) and the Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU), the two liberation movements which waged armed struggle against the Rhodesian government. The study argues that the Zambian authorities employed a two-pronged approach war and diplomacy in supporting Zimbabwe s liberation struggle. However, for mainly economic reasons, they were more inclined to pursue diplomatic approaches rather than exclusively relying on armed struggle in resolving the Rhodesian crisis. They backed the armed struggle only to an extent that it was a necessary instrument to coerce the Rhodesian government to the negotiating table, but this strategy had limited success and created numerous tensions and contradictions. Some sections of Zimbabwe nationalists accused Zambian President, Kenneth Kaunda, of undermining the liberation struggle and supporting a particular nationalist leader. Thus, Zambia s role in support of Zimbabwe s liberation struggle was shaped by the ideological, strategic and economic interests of Zambia s ruling elites which, in turn, shaped the attitudes, perceptions and relationships among the nationalist leaders competing for power within the liberation movements. Despite the numerous tensions and contradictions, and the enormous economic risks associated with Zambia s commitment to Zimbabwe s liberation struggle, the study concludes that it played a major role and contributed significantly to the liberation war.tm2016Historical and Heritage StudiesDPhilUnrestricte
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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