1,720,957 research outputs found
Interaction between palm stearin and milk fat fractions and their implication for the preparation of cold spreadable fats
Get PDFThe demand for convenience (e.g., spreadable at refrigeration temperature) and health (inclusion of polyunsaturated fat and absence of trans fatty acids) is reflected in the composition of the fat spreads available in the market today. Two types of fat spreads are available, i.e. butter and margarine. In the production of cold spreadable fat, different oils and fats are blended to make a product that is spreadable at refrigerated temperature. However, incompatibilities between fats limit the use of modified fat in confectionery products. To understand interaction between palm stearin and milk fat fraction, the effects of blending and interaction on the physicochemical characteristics of the blends were studied. Anhydrous milk fat (AMF) was fractionated by two-stage acetone fractionation process to produce three fractions: high melting (HMF), middle melting (MMF) and low melting (LMF) fractions. To study purity, laboratory milk fat fractions were compared with commercial milk fat fractions. Then palm stearin and milk fat fractions were blended in various ratios. The characteristics of the palm stearin based blends were tailored to resemble oil blends extracted from commercial soft margarine. It was found that the purity of laboratory fractions were better than the commercial fractions. Eutectic interaction was observed in the bends, indicating the limited compatibility between two fats. Results showed that eutectic interactions could be eliminated by interesterification. However a bigger increase in slip melting point (SMP) and solid fat content (SFC) restrict its use in cold spreadable fat. Formulation diagrams showed that cold spreadable fat could be produced by blending of 16.7% of soft palm oil stearin, (sPOs), 16.7% of MMF and 66.6% of LMF before interesterification. Similarly, uninteresterified ternary blend containing 9% of hard palm oil stearin (hPOs), 15% of MMF and 76% of LMF could be used to produce the cold spreadable fat. However, the texture of the product may change during storage due to eutectic effect. Interesterification of these blends results in increase SFC>32% at 10˚C in all ternary mixture. This increase caused reduction in spreadability and hence rendered them less suitable as cold spreadable fats
Studies on preparation and physico-chemical properties of chocolate from indigenous cacao beans
Get PDFChocolate is remarkably stable material which under normal conditions will keep indefinitely and this in conjunction with a high nutritive value makes it valuable not only as a confection but also for emergency rations. In this research, preparation of cocoa powder from indigenous cacao beans were made by fermentation, drying, roasting and grinding. Fermentation was done under various fermentation time by heaping the beans and covering them with leaves. Fermented cacao beans were dehydrated (or) dried by two drying methods; sun-drying and artificial drying (Dryer). The dried beans were roasted to further developed flavor and color. Physico-chemical properties of cacao beans were studied after fermentation, drying, roasting and grinding. The sample nibs were analyzed for moisture, ash, fat, fiber, protein, tannins. Results of them were compared with literature values. After making chocolates from indigenous cacao beans, physico-chemical properties of the chocolate were compared with commercial chocolate
Study on Utilization of Acid Treated Coconut Shell Carbon on Removal of Lead from Industrial Effluent
Get PDFLead is one of the major pollutants in wastewater. It is used as a major raw material in battery manufacturing and industrial effluent from this industry can contain high concentration of lead. In this research, removal of lead from this industrial effluent has been investigated by using coconut shell sulphonated and nitrated carbon from carbonized coconut shell powder. Carbonization temperatures were 300ºC, 400ºC, 500ºC, 600ºC, 700ºC respectively at resident time of 10 minutes. Determination of yield %, the most suitable temperature, as well as ash content, moisture content, volatile matter content, fixed carbon content and iodine adsorption activity of carbonized carbon were studied. The most suitable carbonization temperature was found to be 500ºC. Carbonized powdered carbon (500ºC) was activated with various concentrations of sulphuric acid and nitric acid for 24 hour. Effect of various parameters such as acid concentration (1N, 1.25N, 1.5N, 1.75N, 2.0N) for activation on adsorption efficiency of sulphonated and nitrated carbon was characterized by iodine adsorption activity and methylene blue decolorizing power. It was found that carbon activated by 1.5N sulphuric acid and nitric acid had the most favorable for adsorption. Effect of pH of battery industrial effluent and amount of sulphonated and nitrated carbon on removal of lead from battery industrial effluent were determined. Amount of lead in industrial effluent before and after treatment were measured by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). It was found that the maximum removing efficiency of lead by 200 mg of sulphonated carbon was 96.3% and that of nitrated carbon was 97% for industrial waste water at pH 6. The result indicated that acid treated carbonized coconut shell powder could be used as high capacity adsorbent for the removal of lead from industrial effluent
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
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