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(15(3):32-47)ECOLOGY AND CONTROL OF TWO-SPOTTED SPIDER MITE (Tetranychus urticae (KOCH)) ON BANANA
No full text1. 蕉葉二點紅蜘蛛（Tetranychus urticae（Koch）），為本省旱作及特作之重要害蟲，其寄主據調查有69種，較重要者有大豆、花生、甘藷、棉花、番茄、木瓜、蓖麻等。全省各地均有分佈。
2. 受害嚴重之蕉葉，葉背呈誘色，蕉葉萎黃，影響蕉葉壽命及蕉株發育至鉅。
3. 室內飼養，年生24代。完成一個生活圈，須經卵期、幼蟲期、第一若蟲期、第二若蟲期及成蟲等五個發育階段。在蛻變成第一若蟲、第二若蟲期及成蟲之前，須經過一段靜止期（Chrysalis）以準備脫皮。此靜止期為1-2天。各蟲期發育所須日數，受溫度之影響很大。據飼養結果，卵期2-4.86-10天，幼蟲期1-2.68-11天，第一若蟲期1-2.38-8天，第二若蟲期1-2.43-7天。完成一代須時雌蟲6-12.35-23天；雄蟲6-11.94-24天。成蟲壽命3-29.26-55天，產卵前期1-2.13-3天，產卵日期0-26.83-53天，每天產卵數0-1.91-11粒，一生產卵數0-59.17-127粒。
4. 二點紅黑蜘蛛之田間棲羣密度以5-6，9-10，12-3月較高，棲羣消長受天敵、溫度、雨量之影響甚大，溫度高時以蕉株中部葉片之棲羣密度為最高，溫度低時則以下部葉片為高。
5. 所調查之54個香蕉品種中，沖繩芭蕉，味宗蕉，基隆北蕉及Amban等四品種未見受害。同一蕉園中以1公尺以下之幼蕉受害最重，1-2公尺者次之，2公尺以上者受害最輕。
6. 蔽風及與甘藷、花生、大豆等間作，或管理較佳，發育良好之蕉園其蟲口密度較高，受害較重；平地栽培及山地栽培蕉園，在二點紅蜘蛛之發生情形並無多大差異。
7. 二點紅蜘蛛之天敵，據調查有（l）小黑瓢蟲（Stethorus spp.）兩種至三種；（2）小黑隱翅蟲（Oligota sp.）；（3）草蜻蛉（Chrysopa sp.）；（4）六點薊馬（Scolothrip sexmaculatus Perg）；（5）蠳蠅幼蟲（Arthrocnodax occidentalis）；（6）盲椿象一種；（7）Anystis sp.；（8）Typhlodromus spp.（9）寄生菌（Entomophagus sp.）等。
8. 殺埤劑以18.5%Kelthane W.P.，7.05% 48.5% Trithion E.C.，0.05%及50% Trif-enson W.P.，0.05%之防治效果最優。15% BS2525 E.C.，0.05%及20% Tedion W.P.，0.05%之效果較劣。
Two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae (Koch)) has been estimated an important pest infesting the up-land and fruit crops in rescent years. It was found to be distributed throughout the whole island and infested nearly 70 species of plants. When banana plant was injured, the leaves rusted and wilted and retarded the plant growth at last.
According to the laboratory rearing, this mite took 24 generation from Jan. 17 1965 to Jan 15 1966 at the temperature and relative humidity ranged 13.8-29.7 °C and 58-96.42%, respectively. The oviposited period of females were average 26.83 days ranging from 0 to 53 days. The average eggs laid by each female was 50.17, ranging from 0 to 127. Eggs generally hatched from 2 to 10 days after deposited, the average was 4.86 days. The stages of larvae, protonymph ane deutonymph lasted an average 2.86, 2.39, 2.43 days, respectively, In female, it required an average of 12.35 days to develope into an adult from egg, ranging from 6 to 23 days, while in male, the average days were 11.94, ranging from 6 to 24 days. The duration of each stage and a generation varies with different temperatures.
One larval and two nymphal stages followed by a resting stage were observed in both sexes of this mite. Some of the male matured into adults without the deutonymph stage. Mating process usually accomplished immediately after the last molt of the female. Egg from unfertillized mother gave rise to male offspring only. while those from fertilized mother showed a preponderance of female offspring.
Fleict observations indicated that this mite built up more dense and large colonies in banana plantations where plants were well manage. sheltered from wind, or interplanted with peanut, soybean and sweetpotato. Another observation showed that there were no difference in mite population whether plants were cultured in the up-land or low plough-land areas.
Among the 54 banana varieties, Lung-pia and Kiliang showed more infested by the mite than the others. The mite did not cause any injury to Ching-sheng, Wei-chung and Keelung-pei varieties. However, younger banana plants, below 1 m. in heigh generally are morh heavily attacked, while the older plants of 1 to 2 or beyone 2 m. in height seemed lesser. In the other hand, leaves of the upperpart usually were less infested by mite than the midpart or low-part.
A periodical observation biweekly from Feb. 1965 to March 1966 showed that two-spotted spider mite tended to be higher population during May to June, Sept. to Oct. and Dec. to March. Temperature, rainfall and natural enemies seemed to be the major factors influencing the seasonal fluctuation of mite population. Although the mites are fecundity in the warm late-spring, summer and fall and develop a large number within a short period, but the activities of natural enemies and high moisture could immediately check the increasing of mite population.
Several natural enemies of this mite were observed in Chiayi areas. They are Stethorus spp. (Coccinellidae, Coleop.), Oligota spp. (Staphylinidae, Coleop.), Chrysopa sp. (Chrysopidae, Necurop.), Scolothrips sexmacultatus (Thripidae, Thysanop.), Arthrocodax ociedeniulis (Cecidomyiidae, Dip) Anystis sp. (Anystidae, Acarina), Thyphodromun spp. (Phytoseiidae, Acarina) and one species of Mriridae (Hemip.). Among those, Stethoru.s spp. seemed to be the most active and most effective predator.
Chemical control indicated that a spray of Keithane w. p., Trifenson w. p. or Trithion e. c. at concentration of 0.05%, gave the best control of this mite, while BS2525, Chlorobenzilate, Tedion and CPCBS at same contentration gave only fair control. The plots treated with Tedion or Chlorobenzilate seemed less influence on the population of natural enemies- Stethorus spp. and polyphagus mites. No phytotoucities were obreved in this test
A Study on Cheng Ching-wen's Novel
No full textCheng Ching-wen has a wide variety of interests in writing, including novel, short story, fairy tale, literature, political review, miscellaneous writing and translation of Western literary works. Cheng has been engaged in writing for fifty years and accomplished a tremendous amount of quality work. This thesis would focus on three of Cheng\ue2s novels. Structure of the thesis would be the first part which has been finalized after several modifications.
Chapter One Explain the reason why to choose Cheng\ue2s novels as the topic of this thesis.
Chapter Two Study the writer\ue2s life and creation background. Analyze how his special growing background, learning process, friends and reading preference impact on his writing. Also, discuss the relationship between his inspirations and his works from the three geographic environments where he grew up.
Chapter Three Discuss the origin of Cheng\ue2s creation ideas. Analyze Cheng\ue2s creation style and the formation of his tragic philosophy of life from the perspectives of Western literary works and the philosophy of life.
Chapter Four Explore how Cheng creates the image of a novel character through artistic portrayal of characters and analyze Cheng\ue2s language style from three perspectives.
Chapter Five Discuss Cheng\ue2s novels from four major topics: suffering common people, the greatness of mother\ue2s love, life of the peasantry in Taiwan and the forbidden political issues. Based on these topics, explore the ideas that Cheng embodies in these three novels.
Chapter Six Conclusion: Summarize Cheng\ue2s creations and writing style.
Keywords: Cheng Ching-wen, Novel, Topic, Tragedy,A Study on Cheng Ching-wen\ue2s Nove
Improvement of Rice Insect Pests Control Measures in Taiwan
No full text台灣水稻害蟲重要者只有10 餘種，其中關鍵害蟲隨耕作制度的演變而屢有更迭；為防治關鍵害蟲之危害，防治策略隨害蟲種類之演變，防治技術之研發與社會之需求而變動“在1950 年以前，對主要害蟲之防治以耕作防治、生物防治及以植物或非有機物質防治，效果有限。1950 年後有機合成殺蟲劑引入本省對各種害蟲均以撒佈廣效而持久性殺蟲劑防治為主；過度使用農藥常導致飛蝨及葉蟬類之猖獗發生。1970 年代中期後防治策略因病害蟲發生預測制度之建立，而逐漸演變為於適當時期使用短效性殺蟲劑防治。1980 年代中期後由於害蟲之經濟為害基準及防治適期之釐定，抗蟲品種之推廣，以及短效性及選擇性殺蟲劑之問世，而逐漸以害蟲綜合防治方法防治水稻害蟲。在1990 年代，因社會變遷，稻農年齡老化，兼業農民日眾，且政府為加入貿易總協，水稻栽培除機械插秧外，並獎勵直播、再生栽培或休耕，害蟲發生種類及其發生高峰期均明顯變動，文中對機插栽培稻之管理缺失以及直播稻、再生稻之蟲害管理策略和今後待加強之研究項目均有簡要之描述。
About 140 species of rice insect pests had ever been recorded in Taiwan, but less than 10 species were economic importance. The key pest species of rice were variable following the change of cultural practices. As the result, the measures used for controlling the insect pests were also revised according to the change of key pest species, and also available techniques and social requirement. Before the years of 1950, the important insect pests on rice were yellow rice borer (Scirpophaga incertulas), rice hispa (Diclahispa similis), rice leafbeetle (Oulema oryzae), black rice bug (Scotinophara lurida) and white back planthoppers ( Sogatella fucifera), which were controlled mostly depending on cultural practices, physical methods, natural enemies and natural subtances, but their effectiveness were limited. After organic synthetic insecticides were introduced gradually into Taiwan since 1950, the insect pests was controlled merely depending on the wide- spectrum and long-residual insecticides, which induced consequentially the outbreak of plant-and leafhoppers. Such phenomenon was continuosly to around 1970 after a short-term forecasting system was established that made possible for timing control of insect pests with short-residual insecticides. There- aftr, due to the economic threshold of major insect pests had been developed to set a reliable timing for insecticide application, resistance to key pest rice varieties had been developed and released to farmers, and the insecticide of selective or more safety to natural enemies had been introduced ¡¥ tested and recommended to be used in the years of 1980,all of these components made the feasibility of control insect pests approaching to integrated measures. Recently, in order to meet the requirement of social changes, such as increase of old-aged and part-time farmers, and decline of the cost of rice production for facing the challenges of enterring into WTO, rice culture,beside transplanting with transplanter, direct seeding and ratoon rice have also been encouraged by the government. Such changes have induced the change of pest status in many aspects. Some problem of present control measures in transplanting rice, the measures for control of the insect pests on direct seeding rice and ratoon rice are also described briefly at present paper
Impact of Global Climate Change on Crop Insect Pests in Relation to Pest Control Strategies in Taiwan
No full text影響害蟲族群與為害之環境因子可分為非生物因子與生物因子兩大項，兩者問之相互作用相當複雜，其中任何一因素的改變將可直接或間接地影響到一種害蟲在區域間的族群密度。全球氣候變遷導致地球表面溫暖化可直接影響害蟲之分佈、存活與族群之成長速率，同樣亦可導致作物之發育及其耕種及管理制度之演變，而影響害蟲族群之發生豐度及其為害。在全球氣候變遷下，可使台灣氣候型態更接近熱帶地區，害蟲及其天敵種類之歧異度將更形增加。冬季增加溫度減少降雨量將更有利於害蟲之越冬，增加冬作及春作害蟲之族群密度及為害損失；夏季溫度及降雨量之增高則更不利於害蟲之繁殖，可抑制其為害。由於害蟲之發生豐度受寄主作物之品種、栽培制度及管理方式等之演變影響至大，該等演變導致蟲害之損失，可能較全球氣候變遷之直接影響為大。一般而言，溫度增加，將可增加昆蟲種類的歧異度及發生世代的重疊，較難使用藥劑適時防治，宜發展以增加害蟲環境阻力，如栽植抗蟲品種、增強田間管理，生物與物理防治等非農藥防治方法為主體之綜合管理策略，抑制害蟲族群於經濟危害基準之下，則藥劑使用頻度將可大幅減少，使作物環境更有利於自然潛在天敵族群的增長而發揮其抑制各種害蟲功效。此一防蟲策略將可有效地因應地球表面暖化及社會之需求。
Insect populations are affected by abiotic and biotic environment factors. Global warming will affect the insect distribution, composition of insect foana and the rate of insect population development directly. While the insect population abundance and its damage will be depended on the changes of cultivation and management patterns of crops responding to the weather conditions and social needs. Global climate changes may convert weather in Taiwan from subtropic into tropic conditions, thus providing more favorable situation for the multiplication of arthropods, and increasing species diversity and complexity in the ecosystem. If the weather condition is going to change as predicted, a warmer and drier winter may make conditions more favorable for insects to cause more severe damage in winter and spring crop, while higher temperature and rainfall in summer will hamper the population development of insect pests. However, the total losses of crop caused by insect pests due to the changes of climate directly may be not so much as compared to those due to the changes of varieties, cultural system and management of crops. Management of insect pests in the situation of diverse species and overlapping generations by using biotic measures, such as host plant resistance, biological and cultural measures are more reliable than by insecticidal applications. When successful control of the key pests is achieved through the use of control tactics other than insecticides, opportunity for the control of various potential insect pests by natural enemies will be increased. This control strategy is not only applicable for meeting the situations of global climate changes but also suitable for social demands in Taiwan
A Study of the Old Men in Ching-Wen Cheng\ue2s Short Stories
No full textChing-Wen Cheng has been writing for more than 50 years. He uses easy Chinese and describes the deep side of human beings. He cares about the normal people in Taiwanese society. In this thesis, the author emphasizes on the old men, which few researchers notice. The first chapter is about the motivation of this research and the issues discussed in this study. The second chapter is about Ching-Wen Cheng\ue2s growing background,the history of his life, his litrature creating process and how these elements make him special.The third chapter is about the physical and psychological aging process of old men and how Ching-Wen Cheng depicts it in a sociological way. The fourth chapter analyzes old men in several ways. The author writes about controversial topics in traditional and modern societies and explores the meanings of life with past memories. The fifth chapter is the conclusion
Florida red Scale, Chrysomphaius ficus Ashmead
No full textThe infestation of Florida red scale on Citrus is just next to the black Parlatoria in Taiwan. The population is usually decreased during. rainy season from June to September. It infests leaves, twigs and fruits. The severe infested leaves usually fall .down and the twigs die. Resin soda wash could not control this species even though it has been extensively used for control unamored scales and mealybugs until the latest ten years ago. Fortunately 1.3% summer oil emulsive alone or 1 % summer oil emulsive in combination with 0.05 % malathion and 0.05 % dimethoate alone were recommended for control it and Aphytis chryso mphali (Mercet) usually restranis a certain number of individuals
Preliminary observations on the susceptibility of rice varieties to Paddy Borer (Tryporyza incertulas Walker)
No full text1．供試30個水稻品種，枯心率均在30%以上，受害都屬嚴重；白穗率以矮腳種最低4.69%，列為較優抗螟品種；烏占，員粒兩品種均在10%以下，列為中等抗螟品種；其他各品種均列為易受螟害品種。較優抗螟品種與易受螟害品種間之白穗率相差7倍。
2．易受螟害品種的莖內所生存之螟蟲數目較較優抗螟品種莖內者為高，平均最高與最低相差17倍左右。
3．印度型水稻品種之枯心率（34.93%～60%）較日本型品種者（33.11%～56.88%）略高；但白穗率則日本型品種的C15.73%～30.48%）反顯著的較印度型品種者（4.69%～29.46%）為高。
各品種之分蘗期與孕穗期對三化螟蟲為害的感受程度不一致。
4．螟蛾產卵量與各品種之分蘗株數（r=+0.451)，株高(r=＋0.353),劍葉長(r=+408)均具顯著的相關，與劍葉寬相關不明顯，葉面具長毛之品種平均產卵率較光滑品種者為高，達28.78%。
5．水稻在分蘗期受三化螟為害，其被害率與各品種之分蘗株數(r＝-0.55)，具極顯著的相關，與劍葉寬、劍葉長則相關不明顯，葉片具長毛之品種，受害似較不嚴重。
6．水稱早期受螟害區，其晚期平均每叢穗數除CP321×H012及sigadis兩品種，較早期受保護區減少外，其他各品種均普遍增加，增加範圍達0.76%～112.56%，其產量惜受鳥害甚重無法比較計算，在本省栽培制度及螟蟲發生情形下，早期受螟蟲為害是否影響晚期之產量，有待進一步之試驗觀察。
A total of 30 rice varieties were chcsen for test under field condition to determine the variation of susceptibility to Paddy Borers. The test was divided into two parts. Each variety was transplanted in blocks of 1.Oxl.4 meters, in seven rows and four lines, 20 and 25 centimeters apart repectively, and with three replications. Thirty days after transplanting, all of the test varieties in one part of each replication were artificially infested by implanting 4 egg masses on the leaves for the test of maximum tillering stage, while at 70 days it was done on the other part for the late-booting stage test. Observations were made at 60 days after transplanting for dead hearts and at 10 days before harvest for white heads. The surviving larvae whithin a cuim were also counted in each block. Results are shown in Table 1.
The Percentages of dead hearts at maximum tillering stage varied from 33.1 to 60, while infested tiller from 51.01 to 82.92, and white heads at the test of heading stage ranged from 4.69 to 30.48, infested tiller from 10.00 to 48.46. Infestations on the different varieties varied significantly in all measurements but dead heart; the susceptible varieties had about 7 and 8 times more white heads and the number of living larvae per hill than the resistant varieties.
Japonica-type varieties were somewhat less susceptible to Paddy Borers at the early stages of growth than Indica-types, but the formation of white heads, Japonica become even more susceptible than Indica varieties. The results were similar to those obtained by the International Rice Research Institute, (I. R. R. I.) 1963-64.
At the maximum tillering stage, it was found that correlated coefficients recorded between the number of egg masses laid and the height of plant, length of leaves, and the number of tiller were +0.353, +0.408, and +0.451, respectively, but, no significant correlation was found between width of leaves and the number of egg masses. The 1eaf surface in varieties with comparatively long and close hairs appeared to have more oviposition than those with short or sparse hairs. Among the test varieties, the Indica-type varieties generally had more tiller, higher cuim, and hairy leaf surface, and hence, more eggs masses were laid.
Paddy Borers infested at the maximum tillering stage, the average number of tillers per hill in a variety was negatively correlated with the percentage of infested tillers (r= -0.554), but the correlation was not significant at the heading stage.
Height of plant, width and length of leaves showed no relation to borer infested tiller at early growing stage and the heading stage in those test varieties
NEW BIOTYPES OF THE BROWN PLANTHOPPER AND INTERACTION BETWEEN BIOTYPES AND RESISTANCE IN RICE
No full text在室內連續應用抗蟲水稻品種Mudgo（抗褐飛蝨遺傳行為受一對顯性因子所控制），H 105， IR9-60及Samba（三品種抗蟲行為均受一對隱性因子所支配）等分別飼餐自然棲羣褐飛蝨，經20世代陸比較各蟲羣成蟲壽命、緊殖後裔蟲數、生存率，以及偏好性與為害等結果，頭示各蟲重分別能完全適應於用於連檢飼養該蟲羣之水稻品種而形成三種不同的生物小種。生物小種間並無明頭之形態上差異，但劉抗褐飛蝨遺傳質不同水稻的反應卻有極明顯的差異。應用上述三種主物小種間對不同抗蟲遺傳質水稻品種為害反應的差異，本試驗己將以往選出之抗蟲品種的抗蟲遺傳類型加以鑑定，並縫現有水稻Mathumanikan及DF1等兩品種對上述三種生物小種兼具抵抗佳，其抗蟲遺傳因子與以往發現者可能具有明顯的差別。
Three biotypes of the brown planthopper have been developed, by feeding caged insects successively on rice having different genes for resistance. The biotypes have been designated Biotype I, Biotype II, and Biotype III. Although biotype II was generally smaller than the others, no distinct differences in morphological characters among biotypes were observed. However the differences in plant-wilting capabilities were obvious. The individuals of Biotype 1, the dominant biotype in the natural population, are capable of wilting rice with the T (N) 1-type resistance (susceptible to all biotypes). Biotype III individuals can wilt rice with T (N) 1-type resistance and H 105 type resistance (resistance control by single recessive gene, which are, resistant to biotype I, moderatelysusceptible to biotype II, and susceptible to biotype III) but can not wilt the rice with Mudgo type resistance (resistance control by single dominant gene, which are resistant to biotype I and biotype III, but susceptible to biotype III). Brown planthoppers of biotype II are capable of wilting rice with T (N) 1-type and Mudgo-type resistance, and also can severely infest rice with H 105-type resistance. With the differences in the reactions of biotypes on rice varieties having different genes for resistance, the resistant genes of varieties Screened previously for resistant to biotype I have been indentified, and the varieties mathumanikan and DF1 are recorded resistant to all mentioned biotypes
Catches of Male Rice Leaffolders with Virgin Females-baited Traps
No full text於田間利用瘤野螟雌女蛾為誘蟲源進行誘捕雄蟲試驗，結果發現雄蟲對處女蛾誘蟲器具強烈反應。誘捕雄蟲效率與誘蟲源及捕蟲陷阱均具密切關連。捕蟲陷阱以使用直徑60cm以上之圓形水盤漆成黃色者效果最佳，其放置高度以與水稻株高相同者最優。誘蟲源之處女蛾以裝置於周圍開設紗窗之塑膠瓶（罐）(直徑約10cm，高12cm)，並以沾有10%蜜水之棉球供食滷濰持較長之壽命。處女蛾以羽化後第3~4天者誘引力最強，經交尾之雌蟲對雄蟲亦有誘引力，但略較處女蛾為差。每誘蟲器使用8~10隻處女蛾誘捕雄蟲數為使用2~4隻者之2至18倍。誘蟲器之捕獲雄蟲時間主要出現於下半夜，但其開始誘捕到雄蟲的時刻及誘捕高舉之出現時間隨溫度之下降而提早。最低可誘到雄蟲之溫度約在13℃左右。以五隻處女蛾為誘蟲源之誘捕雄蟲有效距離在5m範圍以內。比較吸式誘蟲燈與處女蛾誘蟲器偵測瘤野螟成蟲田間族群初步結果，顯示在田間族群密度較低時以吸式誘蟲燈較佳，但在其族群密度較高時則雌女蛾誘蟲器捕獲蟲數較多。
Methods for trapping males of rice leaf folder, Cnapharocrocis, nedinalis, with virgin females-baited traps were studied in paddy fields. . Trapping effeciency was observed to be closely related to both the source of attractant and the trap designs. Among five different traps tested, the trap of a circular yellow water-pan (more than 60 cm in diameter) was most effective in capturing the male moths. Traps placed at height of 70 cm, near the tops of rice plant, had caught more males than those placed 30 cm either higher or lower the plants. The virgin females being confined in a windowed plastic can and fed with 10% honey-solution had a longer life-span than those caged in a small net bag. Three to four days old virgin females were more attractive. The trap baited with mated females also attracted male moths, but it caught only a half number of males as compared with that of the virgin females. The traps baited with 8 to 10 virgin females caught 2 to 18 times more males than the traps baited with 2 or 4 females. The male moths were caught in the trap from midnight to about 4 AM. The capture occured about one hour earlier when the ambient temperature declihed in late autumn. The trap remained having its fuction of male catch as the temperature declined to about 13℃. Effective distance for the trap baited with 5 virgin females was measured to be within a distance of 5 meters. As seasonal occurrence of the rice leaffolder was monitored with the virgin females-baited trap in comparison with a suction light trap (fluorecents-10W), the virgin females-baited trap seemed to be more effective when the adult population in the fields was high in autumn, but was not as effective as the suction light trap during low adult population period in spring and summer seasons
Observations on the Ecology of Citrus red mite (Panonychus citri (McGregor)) In Taiwan
No full text1．柑桔紅蜘蛛為世界性柑桔重要害蟲之一，本省處於亞熱帶，具海洋性氣候，極適其繁衍，由於世代短，繁殖力強，易對藥劑產生抗性，又乏天敵控制，是以成為本省目下最難防除之柑桔害蟲。
2．嘉義地區室內飼養結果，每年可發生25代，各世代，各蟲期所歷時間之長短，受當時溫度所影響，變異極大。據觀察雌蟲壽命平均為24.09天，產卵日期平均為20.36天，一生總產卵數平均為62.00粒；卵期為5.40天，幼蟲期為2.37天，前若蟲期為2.11天，後若蟲期為2.28天。由卵至成蟲期，雌蟲平均為12.21天，雄蟲平均為11.31天。
3．由卵至成蟲，須脫皮三次，但部份雄蟲僅脫皮兩次由後若蟲靜止期（Deutochrysalis）直接蛻變為成蟲。雄蟲蛻變為成蟲後，即尋雌蟲交尾，與雄蟲交尾之雌蟲，其後代大部發育為雌蟲；未與交尾之雌蟲，其後代則全部發育為雄蟲。由室外採回個別飼養之雌成蟲，觀察178隻結果，其後代之性比率為雌：雄＝2.2:1。
4．柑桔類中，以甜橙類受柑桔紅蜘蛛為害最重，一般成蟲及幼蟲均集中於葉片為害；無論成蟲幼蟲或卵，葉面棲息數均較葉背略多。
5．果園管理優劣，農藥使用不當，庇陰有無，及葉齡之不同，均直接影響柑桔紅蜘蛛之發生與分佈；果園管理妥善，農藥使用頻繁及無庇陰之果園柑桔紅蜘蛛發生多，在嫩葉上與中齡葉片上紅蜘蛛的密度較在考葉上者為高。
6．自民國53年5月至54年6月觀察結果，以11月至5月因雨量分佈少，發生密度較高，6月至10月由於颱風豪雨之夾襲，發生密度較低。在本省氣候情況下，能以有效影響柑桔紅蜘蛛密度之氣象因子，以雨量為主。
According to the laboratory rearing the citrus red mite took 25 generations from 5, Oct. 1964 to 15, Oct. 1965, at the average temperature and relative humility of 18-30℃ and 64-80 per cent. The average number of eggs laid by each female was 62, the range being from 18 to 87, and the average number of eggs laid by each female per day was 3.06, the range being from 0 to 14. Eggs generally hatched from 2 to 15 days, with an average of 5.40 days, and the stages of larva, protonymph, deutonymph took an average of 2.37, 2.11, 2.28 days, ranging 1-7, 1-6, 1-9 days, respectively. The time required for egg to adult average 12.21 days in female, ranging from 7 to 30 days, while in male, it took average of 11.31 days, ranging from 6 to 23 days.
Based on one year’s observation, it was found that the citrus red mite took about one month to complete a life-cycle during December, January and it took more than two generations each of the other months.
Both sexes of citrus red mite were found to have a larval and two nymphal stages. each followed by a resting stage. Some male could mature without the stage of deutonymph .instar. Mating process was usually accomplished immediately after the last molt of the female; Eggs from unfertilized female gave rise to males only and those from fertilized feia1e to a preponderance of females.
Field obsevations revealed that citrus red mites usually build-up more dense and large colonies in the well managed citrus orchard, plants rceived plentiful sunlight, and younger leaves; in neglected orchard, shaded plants, and older leaves, mites generally are scarce. Applications of insecticide in dis-order were also conductive to increase of mite population.
The climatic data in central and southern part of this island indicated that both temperature and humidity were very suitable for citrus red mite to develop all the year round, and the rainfall seems to be the major factor that directly influenced the seasonal fluctuation of mite’s populations. It was found that citrus red mite’s population on Valencia orange trees tended to be the highest during the dry late-fall, winter, and spring seasons, and the raininess or that accompanied with the result of typhoon were noted to have reduced the spring population and
maintained a low population through-out the sunmer
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