1,721,112 research outputs found
Identifying (In)Definiteness in Vietnamese Noun Phrase
Full text linkThis paper aims to settle the issue of whether những, các, một are articles in Vietnamese as argued by Nguyen T. C. (1975), Nguyen H. T. (2004), a.o. First, we adopt Dayal (in prep.)’s cross-linguistic questionnaire of (in)definiteness since this questionnaire offers us a set of useful tests to diagnose definiteness and indefiniteness from a crosslinguistic perspective. Second, we broaden up the empirical landscape by contrasting the interpretation of nominal constructions which have the so-called overt (in)definite markers (các-CLF-N, những-CLF-N, and một CLF N) with that of nominal constructions without them (including bare N and CLF-N, numeral(>1)-CLF-N), in order to see if the (in)definiteness effect truly comes from the presence or absence of these three markers, or from something else. We then conclude that (i) những and các are plural markers, (ii) only một seems to be a likely candidate for an indefinite article, and (iii) bare nouns and numerals are not genuine indefinites: the former denotes kinds, while the latter can be interpreted as definite, which sets Vietnamese apart cross-linguistically
An item response theory analysis of the matrix reasoning item bank (MaRs-IB)
No full textMatrix reasoning tasks are among the most widely used measures of cognitive ability in the behavioral sciences, but the lack of matrix reasoning tests in the public domain complicates their use. Here, we present an extensive investigation and psychometric validation of the matrix reasoning item bank (MaRs-IB), an open-access set of matrix reasoning items. In a first study, we calibrate the psychometric functioning of the items in the MaRs-IB in a large sample of adult participants (N = 1501). Using additive multilevel item structure models, we establish that the MaRs-IB has many desirable psychometric properties: its items span a wide range of difficulty, possess medium-to-large levels of discrimination, and exhibit robust associations between item complexity and difficulty. However, we also find that item clones are not always psychometrically equivalent and cannot be assumed to be exchangeable. In a second study, we demonstrate how experimenters can use the estimated item parameters to design new matrix reasoning tests using optimal item assembly. Specifically, we design and validate two new sets of test forms in an independent sample of adults (N = 600). We find these new tests possess good reliability and convergent validity with an established measure of matrix reasoning. We hope that the materials and results made available here will encourage experimenters to use the MaRs-IB in their research
A convex-optimization framework for frame-level optimal rate allocation in predictive video coding
Full text linkOptimal rate allocation is among the most challenging tasks to perform in the context of predictive video coding, because of the dependencies between frames induced by motion compensation. In this paper, we derive an analytical rate-distortion model that explicitly takes into account the dependencies between frames. The proposed approach allows us to formulate the frame-level optimal rate allocation as a convex optimization problem. Within this framework, we are able to achieve the exact solution in limited time (even for large-size problems), thanks to the flexibility offered by recent convex optimization techniques. Experiments on standard sequences demonstrate the interest of considering the proposed rate-distortion model and confirm that the optimal rate allocation ensures a better distribution of the total bit budget, with superior results (in the rate-distortion sense) with respect to the standard H.264/AVC rate control. © 2014 IEEE
Rate allocation in predictive video coding using a convex optimization framework
No full textOptimal rate allocation is among the most challenging tasks to perform in the context of predictive video coding, because of the dependencies between frames induced by motion compensation. In this paper, using a recursive rate-distortion model that explicitly takes into account these dependencies, we approach the frame-level rate allocation as a convex optimization problem. This technique is integrated into the recent HEVC encoder, and tested on several standard sequences. Experiments indicate that the proposed rate allocation ensures a better performance (in the rate-distortion sense) than the standard HEVC rate control, and with a little loss with respect to an optimal exhaustive research, which is largely compensated by a much shorter execution time
Convex optimization for frame-level rate allocation in MV-HEVC
No full textOptimal rate allocation is among the most challenging tasks to perform in the context of multi-view video coding, because of the dependency between frames induced by motion compensation and depth image-based rendering. In this paper, using a recursive rate-distortion model that explicitly takes into account these dependencies, we approach the frame-level rate allocation as a convex optimization problem. Within this framework, we provide an efficient algorithm for exactly solving the above problem with recent convex optimization tools. Experiments on standard sequences demonstrate the interest of considering the proposed rate allocation method and confirm that our approach ensures a better performance (in ratedistortion sense) than the standard MV-HEVC rate control
The neuroscience of compassion and empathy and their link to prosocial motivation and behavior
No full textEmpathy enables us to connect with one another at an emotional level. However, this might not be enough to promote prosociality. For instance, it has often been argued that empathically suffering with others does not necessarily motivate us to help them, neither conceptually nor empirically. To fill this gap, a tradition in psychology has highlighted the role of empathic concern or compassion, and developments in social neuroscience have made this proposal increasingly clear. Indeed, empathy and compassion have been shown to tap on dissociable neurobiological mechanisms, as well as on different affective and motivational states. More specifically, while empathy for pain engages a network of brain areas centered around the anterior insula and anterior midcingulate cortex, areas associated with negative affect, compassionate states have been associated with activity in the medial orbitofrontal cortex and ventral striatum, and come with feelings of warmth, concern, and positive affect. Most intriguingly, much like any motor ability, it has also been shown that empathy and compassion can be trained; whereby compassion training has been associated with a number of intrapersonal and interpersonal benefits, ranging from increases in psychological well-being and health to increased cooperation, trust, and tolerance
Cooperation across multiple game theoretical paradigms is increased by fear more than anger in selfish individuals
Full text linkAbstract: Cooperative decisions are well predicted by stable individual differences in social values but it remains unclear how they may be modulated by emotions such as fear and anger. Moving beyond specific decision paradigms, we used a suite of economic games and investigated how experimental inductions of fear or anger affect latent factors of decision making in individuals with selfish or prosocial value orientations. We found that, relative to experimentally induced anger, induced fear elicited higher scores on a cooperation factor, and that this effect was entirely driven by selfish participants. In fact, induced fear brought selfish individuals to cooperate similarly to prosocial individuals, possibly as a (selfish) mean to seek protection in others. These results suggest that two basic threat-related emotions, fear and anger, differentially affect a generalized form of cooperation and that this effect is buffered by prosocial value orientation
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
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