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The Study of Taoist Thoughts on Epitaphs in Tang Dynasty
No full textLife and death, alternating in the way that Nature orients itself towards, are incarnated in the natures of humans. Though death is given a positive image to highlight efficient exertion of precious life span, it is still a pity as a mark of the end. That\ue2s why the epitaph is invented to reminisce about a person. Epitaph has developed into multi functions rather than the sole final judgment about a person. It gives a prompt reflection of the contemporary culture which the author of it was in. In this paper the focus is placed on the epitaphs of Tang Dynasty to delve into Taoism\ue2how it evolved in Tang Dynasty and how the contemporary Taoists viewed their lives. This paper is divided into three chapters from the contents of the epitaphs\ue2The Origin of Life, The Proceeding of Life and Facing Death.
According to Taoism, life begins as the \ue2Ci\ue2in Nothingness. The merge of \ue2Ci\ue2 creates life, and the dispersion of \ue2Ci\ue2 brings death. The multiplication of \ue2Ci\ue2 would incarnate itself into human forms and thus human life is the representation of \ue2Tao\ue2 of the universe. And human bodies become the vessels of Nature. Living as a hermit thus becomes the best way to center oneself in Nature without obsessions with mundane life. Those who grasp the true understanding of Nature live a life of \ue2Endeavoring without expectations and being in the state of not worrying.\ue2 And staying in tranquility is the attitude for them when they are faced with the uncontrollable fate. Though this is the prevailing idea among people in Tang Dynasty and they are receptive to the destined death, they still hope for the new cycle of life in the next generation. This is represented in their belief in Feng-shui, which is an art that changes the destiny of the descendants by placing the ashes or bones of the ancestors in good locations. Even if they know that it is impossible to transcend one\ue2s karma, they believe that the spirits of the deceased ancestors will bring bliss to their descendants as long as they remain connections through \ue2Ci\ue2 as practiced in Feng-shui
The Meaning of Create Seven-Character Changing rhymes Poetry with non Yue Fu Title in Dang Dynasty
No full text詩在唐代, 其實是處在不斷發展、 不斷變動中的, 從唐初到盛、 中、 晚, 詩的外在形式也好, 內在體調也好, 都在不斷改革, 詩人們經常對各體詩的寫作方法, 進行各種實驗, 例如王維的五言詩 〈晦日游大理韋卿城南別業四聲依次用各六韻〉(全唐詩, 125:1245), 全首遞用平聲真文、 上聲有、 去聲寘未、 入聲屋沃等韻, 每十二句一換。 這雖然是一件小事, 然而, 當王維把它記在題目上來特別強調時, 它就是一個訊號, 透露出作者對押韻格式研究的重視。 如果我們更深入關心唐詩的進化軌跡, 將會看到更多不曾為前人發現的現象。 本文所提出的 「七言轉韻體」 就是受到長期誤解的詩體。 所謂 「七言轉韻體」, 是指以七言書寫, 一首至少轉一次韻以上, 每換一韻, 首句必須押韻; 使用律化的平仄律, 但律化的覆蓋率較小, 不強制句句入律, 句聯之間的黏對也較寬。 這樣的詩體, 在傳世的唐詩選本中, 都把它歸入七古類, 頂多是在七古裡面, 再細分為七言古詩和樂府歌行, 然後將它歸類為樂府歌行, 無人注意到它的本來面目。
During the first 150 years of Tang Dynasty is the variant period of the development of seven character poetry. There are just 7 seven-character poetry in Quantangshi before Du Fu chapter that are more than ten verses, and only 336 Seven-character eight-line regulated verse (Qilu). The quantity is for sure less than seven-character changing rhymes poetry. Seven-character changing rhymes poetry can be cauterized in two forms: Yue Fu title, and non Yue Fu title. Due to the origin of seven-character changing rhymes poetry comes from Yue Fu in Liang and Chen a dynasty, it is normal to have a poem with Yue Fu title. But ever since the appearance of Seven-character changing rhymes poetry, a kind of power has existed which eagers to get rid the influence of Yue Fu, not only the title but also its contents. Namely, if seven-character changing rhymes poetry wants to resemble five-character old poetry (Kushi) or five-character eight-line regulated verse (Wulu), it should be written freely of what the poets see and how they feel.
This effort can be seemed as to create a new form of poetry, its necessary to work towards this direction before Seven-character eight-line regulated verse and Seven-character old poetry establish their status. When it comes to the era of Du Fu, Seven-character eight-line regulated verse has no doubt become the representative of Seven-character short poetry in Dang Dynasty, and a through rhythm of Seven-character long poetry is also going to form a new genre of Seven-character old poetry (Qiku). Seven-character changing rhymes poetry then steps aside the main position of poetry genre, and is attached to Qiku as the name of Seven-character song or Yue Fu. This paper applies to on-site research to directly investigate Quantangshi as the spot evidence, hopefully can revert the historical truth of poetry development during this time
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
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