1,721,006 research outputs found
Holism and the fallacy of composition in macroeconomics
No full textMacroeconomics became a distinct discipline as a consequence of Keynes’s General Theory. He argued that the ‘sum of the parts’ often differs from a simple aggregation of the parts, as practised in methodological individualism. Judging the whole from the behaviour of a part leaves out viral feedbacks and risks the fallacy of composition.But, when it comes to applications, most macro-systems are too complex to be analysed as a whole. Much of the success of a system-theoretic approach to the macroeconomy depends on decisions about how to parcel the system up into relevant sub-parts for analysis. Perhaps the first step into a macroeconomic analysis should be to describe a procedure for setting up dividing lines to establish semi-closures, where the holistic nature of the economy as a whole under study is recognised and fits together coherently in a second analytical round
Keynes's macroeconomic method
No full textJohn Maynard Keynes (1883–1946) made a sea change in macroeconomic methodology when publishing The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money (GT) in 1936. His method of the economy as a whole deviated substantially from the neoclassical convention of applying Say’s Law and full employment equilibrium. His fellow dissertation A Treatise on Probability, published in 1921, was an important building block for his new theory of economic behaviour in a realm of uncertainty. Equally important was his challenge to the market economic system considered a self-adjusting system towards full employment. The combination of these two methodological novelties made it possible for him to develop his new macro theory labelled the ‘principle of effective demand’. Within GT Keynes redefined the concept of equilibrium as a point of rest, where there is no inducement for employers as a whole to change employment. To achieve this conclusion he had developed an open-system method, where even a well-functioning market system could get stuck in high unemployment equilibrium due to lack of demand. Furthermore, he demonstrated that a more flexible wage level or rate of interest would not solve the problem with persistent unemployment. It would rather have the opposite effect by making the system more unstable and hereby increase uncertainty. So, in the longer run the macroeconomics development is open determined partly by institutional path dependency and partly by economic policy. This was a real methodological challenge to the economists’ society in the 1930s – and still is
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Une question de pertinence : la Théorie Générale du temps de Keynes et aujourd’hui
Get PDFThe author argues that there are six key assumptions — although they are at very different levels — on which the General Theory depends. These assumptions are: (i) unemployment is the norm; (ii) there is broad price stability; (iii) the money supply is quite inelastic; (iv) the capital stock and techniques are given; (v) the population is not growing substantially; and (vi) the capital stock is 'inadequate'. These six assumptions are all grounded in the British world of the interwar period that Keynes was looking at. Had the General Theory been written against the American background of the interwar or even the postwar periods, its assumptions would have looked purely analytical, instead of both analytical and empirically relevant.
Une question de pertinence : la Théorie Générale du temps de Keynes et aujourd’hui
Get PDFThe author argues that there are six key assumptions — although they are at very different levels — on which the General Theory depends. These assumptions are: (i) unemployment is the norm; (ii) there is broad price stability; (iii) the money supply is quite inelastic; (iv) the capital stock and techniques are given; (v) the population is not growing substantially; and (vi) the capital stock is 'inadequate'. These six assumptions are all grounded in the British world of the interwar period that Keynes was looking at. Had the General Theory been written against the American background of the interwar or even the postwar periods, its assumptions would have looked purely analytical, instead of both analytical and empirically relevant
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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