1,720,999 research outputs found
Figli di un dio assente. La dannazione del fumo tra i malati di mente.
No full textIl problema della comorbidità tra dipendenza da nicotina, tabagismo e malattie mentali
Ketamina: caratteristiche, usi e abuso
No full textLa ketamina è un anestetico dissociativo le cui proprietà sono ad oggi utilizzate e/o studiate in molti settori medici. Recenti studi hanno dimostrato che un solo trattamento endovenoso con basse dosi di ketamina produce un rapido effetto antidepressivo in pazienti affetti da disturbo bipolare o da depressione maggiore. L’utilizzo della ketamina a uso ricreazionale è in aumento con un conseguente aumento dei danni derivanti dal suo abuso
Nanofarmacologia
No full textScopo di questo capitolo è introdurre il lettore a un ambito della farmacologia di recente sviluppo, la “nanofarmacologia”
Brief Environmental Enrichment exposure enhances contextual-induced sucrose-seeking with and without memory reactivation in rats
No full textChronic Environmental Enrichment (EE) has been shown to prevent the relapse to addictive behaviours, such as drug-taking and -seeking. Recently, acute EE was shown to reduce cue-induced sucrose-seeking, but its effects on contextual (Cx)-induced sucrose-seeking is still unknown. Here we report the effects of brief EE exposure on Cx-induced sucrose-seeking with and without prior Cx-memory reactivation. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were trained to sucrose self-administration associated to a specific conditioning Cx (CxA), followed by a 7-day extinction in a different Cx (CxB). Afterwards, rats were exposed for 22 h to EE, and 1 h later to either i) Cx-induced sucrose-seeking (1 h, renewal without Cx-memory reactivation), ii) or two different Cx-memory reactivations: short (2-min) and long (15-min) CxA-retrieval session (Cx-Ret). In Cx-Ret experiments, CxA-induced sucrose-seeking test (1 h) was done after a subsequent 3-day extinction phase. The assessment of molecular markers of memory reactivation/reconsolidation, Zif-268 and rpS6P, was performed 2 h after Cx-Ret. Brief EE exposure enhanced Cx-induced sucrose-seeking without and with short but not long Cx-retrieval. Moreover, EE impaired discriminative responding at test prior to long, whereas improved it with or without short. Different changes in Zif-268 and rpS6P expression induced by short vs. long Cx-Ret were correlated to behavioural data, suggesting the occurrence of different memory processes affected by EE. Our data show that brief EE exposure may differently affect subsequent appetitive relapse depending on the modality of re-exposure to conditioned context. This finding suggests caution and further studies to understand the proper conditions for the use of EE against appetitive and addiction disorders
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
The interaction between Environmental Enrichment and fluoxetine in inhibiting sucrose-seeking renewal in mice depend on social living condition
No full textRATIONALE: Several single or combined therapeutic approaches have been developed to treat addiction, however with partial efficacy in preventing relapse. Recently, the living environment has been suggested as a critical intervening factor determining the treatment outcomes. Despite accumulating evidence confirming a role of living conditions in the vulnerability to addictive behaviours, their impact on single or integrative therapeutic strategies preventing relapse is yet to be identified. OBJECTIVES: Here, we explore the possible interaction between brief Environmental Enrichment (EE) exposure and acute fluoxetine administration in inhibiting sucrose-seeking behaviours, and whether this effect could be affected by living environment. METHODS: Social and isolated adult male C57BL/6 mice were trained to sucrose self-administration associated to a specific conditioning context (CxA), followed by a 7-day extinction in a different context (CxB). Afterwards, mice were exposed for 22 h to EE and then injected with fluoxetine (10 mg/kg, i.p.) 1 h before a CxA-induced sucrose-seeking test. RESULTS: Brief EE exposure and acute fluoxetine administration alone inhibited context-induced sucrose-seeking in both housing conditions; however, they exhibited additive properties only in social condition. CONCLUSIONS: Our data show that social environment may influence the EE/fluoxetine interaction in inhibiting relapse to sucrose. These findings suggest that setting up proper living conditions to boost the efficacy of therapeutic approaches may represent a fundamental strategy to treat addiction disorders
Peripheral and central effects of smokeless tobacco on exercise endurance in men
Full text linkIntroduction A proliferation of nicotine use in the sport environment has been observed in recent years mainly as smokeless tobacco
(Zandonai et al., 2013). Nicotine has been listed in World Anti-doping Agency’s Monitoring Program from 2012 to 2015 in order to detect
potential patterns of abuse. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Snus (SS), an oral smokeless tobacco, on the perception
of fatigue during aerobic exercise to TTE. Methods The study was a double-blind placebo controlled (SP) crossover design. Fourteen
healthy male non-smokers were recruited. Subjects were studied during three sessions on cycle-ergometer: experimental session 1 (Exp1)
consisted in an incremental exercise test to determine maximal aerobic power (Wmax); Exp2 and Exp3 consisted in exercise at 65% Wmax until exhaustion in SS or SP conditions. During the Exp2 and Exp3, muscle and cerebral oxygenation by means of NIRS (nearinfrared
spectroscopy) and global rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were recorded. Before and after all experiments, the Profile of Mood
of State questionnaire (POMS) was administered to subjects. Subjects were then tested by means of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
(TMS) to assess changes in cortico-motor excitability due to the prolonged exercise. Results Time to exhaustion (TTE) was not significant
difference (64.4 ± 41.5 min SS; 51.6 ± 17.2 min SP) (19.2%) in paired Student’s t-test. RPE in the first 30 minutes during both of the sessions
showed a significant difference after 10 minutes from start exercise. POMS questionnaire values did not show any significant differences
under both conditions (SS, SP). We found significant differences in the cerebral and muscular tissues oxygenation levels in the first 30
minutes of the exercise during SS and SP tests. In particular, at cerebral level, tissue oxygenation index was significantly larger in SS than
in SP from the 10th to 30th min of exercise. Conclusion The study showed that the SS effect, compared to placebo condition, could not be
an improvement of fatigue during an endurance exercise until exhaustion despite of an increase in tissue muscular and cerebral oxygenation.
These data supported the hypothesis of a major activity induced by nicotine as a central stimulator (Mundel and Jones, 2006).
References Mundel T, Jones DA. (2006). Effect of transdermal nicotine administration on exercise endurance in men. Exp Physiol, 91, 705-
713 Zandonai T, Baraldo M, Franceschi L, Zappamiglio T, Chiamulera C. (2013). Effects of smokeless tobacco (snus) administration on
exercise endurance in men. SRNT Annual Meeting Boston MA (USA) p 16
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
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