58,921 research outputs found
Emprego da tecnologia supercrítica para a valorização do resíduo de semente de chia (Salvia hispanica)
Full text linkDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Tecnológico, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia de Alimentos, Florianópolis, 2014.A chia (Salvia hispanica) é uma planta cultivada nas Américas do Sul e Central, cuja semente é fonte de antioxidantes naturais e ácidos graxos essenciais. O presente estudo avaliou a obtenção de extratos de torta de chia, subproduto proveniente da extração do óleo de chia. Foram aplicadas as técnicas a baixa pressão como extração em Soxhlet (SOX), ultrassom (US) e maceração (MAC) utilizando etanol (EtOH), hexano (Hex) e acetato de etila (EtOAc) como solventes, a fim de comparar com o processo de extração supercrítica (ESC). As operações de ESC foram realizadas com pressões de 150 bar a 300 bar e temperaturas de 40 °C e 50 °C empregando o CO2 como solvente. Também foi realizada a aplicação de EtOH e EtOAc como cossolventes no processo de ESC em concentrações de 2,5 até 7,5 %. O processo de extração supercrítica sequencial (ESC-S) foi estudado, o qual possui duas etapas de extração, com uma despressurização rápida do sistema entre a primeira e a segunda etapa. A construção da curva cinética e modelagem matemática de processos de ESC e ESC-S foram executadas, além da estimativa de custos de manufatura da instalação de uma unidade industrial de ESC. Todos os extratos obtidos foram submetidos a análises de atividade antioxidante (método ABTS), teor de fenólicos totais (TFT), perfil de ácidos graxos e atividade antimicrobiana. Nas extrações a baixa pressão, os maiores rendimentos foram obtidos utilizando SOX com EtOH (15,4 ± 0,4 %). Nas ESC com CO2 puro, a pressão de 300 bar permitiu alcançar rendimentos de até 10,6 ± 0,2 %, na maior temperatura estudada. A utilização de cossolvente causou aumento no rendimento de extração (11,3 ± 0,1% utilizando EtOH a 7,5%). Os extratos obtidos em extrações a baixa pressão com EtOH e EtOAc obtiveram os melhores valores de TFT e atividade antioxidante. A utilização de cossolvente afetou positivamente os resultados de TFT e atividade antioxidante dos extratos de ESC. O perfil de ácidos graxos dos extratos confirmou altos teores de ácido linoleico e a-linolênico em todos os extratos testados. Extratos obtidos pelas diferentes técnicas mostraram atividade antimicrobiana contra B. cereus. A ESC-S com despressurização rápida teve efeito positivo com relação ao rendimento, onde foi atingido rendimento de 8,7 ± 0,2%, estatisticamente igual ao rendimento obtido em ESC na mesma condição, porém reduzindo o tempo de extração pela metade. A realização da segunda etapa de ESC-S utilizando EtOH 7,5% ocasionou um aumento no TFT dos extratos obtidos. O modelo que melhor se ajustou as curvas experimentais foi o modelo de Martínez et al. (2003). Segundo o modelo de Sovová (1994), para os processos de ESC e primeira etapa de ESC-S, o mecanismo de convecção foi mais representativo. Na segunda etapa de ESC-S o mecanismo de difusão também mostrou representatividade. A ESC-S quando realizada até a etapa de despressurização (ESC-Desp) mostrou ser um processo economicamente viável e lucrativo para aplicação em escala industrial, com valores de extrato competitivos com os valores de mercado, gerando extratos de alta qualidade em um menor tempo de processo.Abstract : Chia (Salvia hispanica) is a plant cultivated in South and Central America, whose the seed is a source of natural antioxidants and essential fatty acids. The present study evaluated the extracts attainment from chia seed cake, which is a byproduct from chia seed oil extraction process. It were applied low-pressure techniques, like Soxhlet extraction (SOX), ultrasound assisted extraction (US) and maceration (MAC) using ethanol (EtOH), hexane (Hex) and ethyl acetate (EtOAc) and as solvents with the objective of comparing with the high pressure process, performed by supercritical fluid extraction (SFE). SFE were performed at pressures from 150 to 300 bar and temperatures of 40 °C and 50 °C, using CO2 as solvent. It was also performed an application of EtOH and EtOAc as cosolvents on SFE process, using concentrations from 2.5 to 7.5%. A sequential supercritical fluid extraction (S-SFE) process was studied, wich includes two steps of extraction, with a fast depressurization of the system between the first and the second step of extraction. The kinetic extraction curves of SFE and S-SFE processes were built and mathematical models adjusted the experimental data. It were also performed an estimative of manufacturing costs from installing a supercritical fluid extraction industrial unit. All extracts was submitted to antioxidant analysis (ABTS method), total phenolics content (TPC), fatty acids profile and antimicrobial analysis. Among low-pressure extraction, the highest yield was achieved using SOX with EtOH (15.4 ± 0.4 %). Among the SFE assays using pure CO2, the pressure of 300 bar allowed to achieve yields up to 10.6 ± 0.2 %, in the highest tested temperature. The use of a cosolvent caused increase in yield (11.3 ± 0.1% using EtOH 7,5%). Extracts obtained by lowpressure techniques using EtOH and EtOAc showed the best values of TPC and antioxidant activity. The using of a cosolvent affected in a positive way the results of TPC and antioxidant activity of SFE extracts. The fatty acids profile of the extracts confirmed the high content of linoleic and a-linolenic acids in all tested extracts. Extracts obtained by different techniques showed antimicrobial activity against B. cereus. SSFE process with fast depressurization caused a positive effect in yield, achieving a yield of 8.7 ± 0.2%, statiscally equal to the yield obtained by SFE using the same condition, but reducing the extraction time by half. The performance of the S-SFE second step using EtOH 7.5% caused an increase in the TPC of the obtained extracts. Martínez et al (2003) was the model which best-adjusted experimental data. According to Sovová s model (1994), in S-SFE first step and SFE processes, the convection mechanism was more representative. In the S-SFE second step, the diffusion mechanism showed to be representative. S-SFE process, when realized until the depressurization step (SFE-Desp), showed to be an economically viable and profitable process on an industrial scale application, with values of extract competitive with market values, generating high quality extracts in a shorter process time
The World of “T‘ai-Ch‘uang-Hsiang-Li” : in Relation to the Hsiang-yueh-pao-chia System
Full text linkAfter the mid-Ming period, the hsiang-yueh-pao-chia 郷約保甲 system was enforced in many parts of China by scholar officials (shi-ta-fu士大夫) a group which included the officials and the local gentry 郷紳. Up to the present, the hsiang-yueh-pao-chia system has been understood mainly as a state policy designed to control village communities. It is the contention of the present writer, however, that in order to reexamine the unique historical significance of the hsiang-yueh-pao-chia system, it is necessary to consider the political and philosophical position of the people who enforced it—local officials and members of the local gentry (shi-ta-fu). This paper is based on a study of the “T’ai-Ch’uang Hsiang-Li” 『泰泉郷礼』 written by Huang Tso 黄佐, gentry man from Kuang Tung 広東. It analyses the basic structure of the Hsiang-Li 郷礼 as discussed in this text. Through the structure of Hsiang-Li, Huang Tso 黄佐 sought to implement the political ideals maintained by the scholar officials of his time: hsiu-shên, ch’i-chia, chih-kuo, ping-tien-hsia 修身斉家治国平天下. As a community member of local society 郷里, he aimed to extend the sphere of edifying Li 礼 from the household 家 to which it had been confined to local society 郷里at large.His plan for moral edification had two aims. The first was to propagate the social regulation, 礼 of self-cultivation 修身 and ch’i-chia 斉家. The second was to establish the hsiang yueh pao chia system. This paper examines the former of the two. With members of the local gentry as the chief figures the ethics of self-cultivation and the Confucian household norms 四礼 (Kuan 冠, Hun 婚, Sang 喪, Chi 祭) were to be taught to the people. Through these socio-ethical education, the individual self 身 and the house-hold 家 of the community members were to be regulated.Although Huang Tso’s discussion of the hsiang-yueh-pao-chia system is not examined in this paper, the entire scheme of Hsiang-Li should be understood within the framework of the development of the political thought of scholar officials after the Sung 宋 Period. Also, it should be noted that the hsiang-yueh-pao-chia system as the second plan for extending moral education is extremely important to Huang Tso’s structure of Hsiang-Li. These factors call into question some of the former studies which drew a direct link between the hsiang-yueh-pao-chia system and the village control policies of the Ming 明 Dynasty.journal articl
ChIA-PET2: A Versatile and Flexible Pipeline for ChIA-PET Data Analysis
No full textChIA-PET2 is a versatile and flexible pipeline for analyzing different types of ChIA-PET data from raw sequencing reads to chromatin loops. ChIA-PET2 integrates all steps required for ChIA-PET data analysis, including linker trimming, read alignment, duplicate removal, peak calling and chromatin loop calling. It supports different kinds of ChIA-PET data generated from different ChIA-PET protocols and also provides quality controls for different steps of ChIA-PET analysis. In addition, ChIA-PET2 can use phased genotype data to call allele-specific chromatin interactions. We applied ChIA-PET2 to different ChIA-PET datasets, demonstrating its significantly improved performance as well as its ability to easily process ChIA-PET raw data. ChIA-PET2 is available at https://github.com/GuipengLi/ChIA-PET2. © The Author(s) 2016.National Basic Research Program of China [2012CB316503]; National High Technology Research and Development Program of China [2012AA020401]; National Natural Science Foundation of China [91519326, 31361163004 and 31301044]; National Institutes of Health grants [HG001696, 5U01HG007919-02, 5U54HG00699604 and 5P50HG00773502]. National Basic Research Program of China [2012CB316503].School of Natural Sciences and Mathematic
Assessment of Self-Archiving in Institutional Repositories: Depositorship and Full-Text Availability
No full textThis research evaluates the success of open access self-archiving in several well-known institutional repositories. Two assessment factors have been applied to examine the current practice of self-archiving: depositorship and the availability of full text. This research discovers that the rate of author self-archiving is low and that the majority of documents have been deposited by a librarian or administrative staff. Similarly, the rate of full-text availability is relatively low, except for Australian repositories. By identifying different practices of self-archiving, repository managers can create new strategies for the operation of their repositories and the development of archiving policies
ChIA-PIPE: A fully automated pipeline for comprehensive ChIA-PET data analysis and visualization.
No full textChIA-PET (chromatin interaction analysis with paired-end tags) enables genome-wide discovery of chromatin interactions involving specific protein factors, with base pair resolution. Interpretation of ChIA-PET data requires a robust analytic pipeline. Here, we introduce ChIA-PIPE, a fully automated pipeline for ChIA-PET data processing, quality assessment, visualization, and analysis. ChIA-PIPE performs linker filtering, read mapping, peak calling, and loop calling and automates quality control assessment for each dataset. To enable visualization, ChIA-PIPE generates input files for two-dimensional contact map viewing with Juicebox and HiGlass and provides a new dockerized visualization tool for high-resolution, browser-based exploration of peaks and loops. To enable structural interpretation, ChIA-PIPE calls chromatin contact domains, resolves allele-specific peaks and loops, and annotates enhancer-promoter loops. ChIA-PIPE also supports the analysis of other related chromatin-mapping data types
The wang-fa 王法 (Public Moral Principles of Officialdom) and the chia-li 家禮 (Private Moral Principles of Officials and their Family members) under the Chin
Full text linkUnder the Han 漢, the hsiao 孝 and t’i 悌 or filiality to parents and elders had been looked upon and encouraged as the fundamental morals of people, both intellectual and general. The intellectual people at that time were actual and potential government officials and were classified as shih-jên 士人 who had been considered as the models of general people. They were expected to observe chia-li 家禮 that is to say, the moral principles to be followed by themselves and their family members. These moral principles, though different according to families, had been based on ethical teachings described in the Confucian canons. It was not until the end of the Later Han dynasty that these chia-li were systematized and shaped into such uniformity as applicable to every shih-jên and their family members.The chia-li, thus systematized into uniformity under the Later Han and the Wei, developed under the period of Chin into the wang-fa 王法 (imperial regulations) which meant the moral principles to be observed by governmental officials in general. In other words, the wang-fa took the place of chia-li and was established as the basis of morality which controlled the people of shih-jên class in general.Many researches have already been made in connection with the attitudes against morals of Confucianism of intellectual people under the Chin, in order to make clear the difference of faithfulness to the Confucian morality between the people of Han and Chin. These researches conclude that the shih-jên under the Chin had been less controlled by the chia-li, that is to say, wang-fa, than those under the Han. The conclusion may be right in the sense that it has pointed out one of the specialties of moral attitudes of the Chin intellectuals. But, one should not neglect another important speciality of the period in which started a new relationship between the government and the people of shih-jên class in connection with the observance of wang-fa developed from chia-li.In this article, the author tried to clarify how the people shih-jên class reacted against the authority of the government concerning the following five subjects:(1) The relationship between the the wang-fa and chia-li in the ch’ing-i 清議 and hsiang-lun 郷論:(2) How much the chia-hui 家諱 or family taboos influenced the governmental regulations:(3) The so-called Ling-shu 令書 or Book of Regulations of the year of hsin-wei 辛未 under the Eastern Chin:(4) The relationship between the refusal of governmental appointment and the chia-li under the Eastern Chin: and(5) The chia-li which had been observed customarily by the people of shih-jên class and the wang-fa.journal articl
The Pao-chia System in Fuchien in the Late Ming Period
Full text linkWith the decline of the li-chia 里甲 system since the middle of the Ming period, the various functions of li-chia were superseded by new organizations. Under such circumstances, the pao-chia 保甲 system including hsiang-yüeh-pao-chia 郷約保甲, which is responsible for public peace and order, took the place of the li-lao-jên 里老人 system. In Fuchien 福建, the pao-chia, which had been enforced in the coastal prefectures by Chu Wan 朱紈 and others in the Chia-ching 嘉靖 period, was extended all over Fuchien in the Wan-li 万暦 period. From the concrete examination of hsiang-yüeh-pao-chia as enforced by Hsü Fu-yüan 許孚遠 and Huang Ch’eng-hsüan 黄承玄, governors of Fuchien in the Wan-li period, its features are known to have been as follows.1) The hsiang-yüeh-pao-chia system was based upon the local landed gentry 郷紳.2) On the other hand, the intervention of state power into the affairs of the village communities was much more than it was under the li-chia system.It is the present writer’s opinion that the enforcement of pao-chia positively reflected the intensification of peasants’ struggle including rent resistance (k’ang-tsu 抗租). That is, it was a typical case of crisis in the relationship between landlords and tenants in the late Ming period. The enforcement of pao-chia was directed towards injecting state power into the relationship between landlords and tenants for the purpose of terminating the crisis. The pao-chia system, it might be argued, was aimed at controlling the village communities through the unification of the interests of both the state and the local landed gentry.journal articl
Information Literacy and Librarian-Faculty Collaboration: A Model for Success:
No full textIn the age of information explosion and technological advancement, issues of information storage, organization, access, and evaluation have become necessarily important in our societies. Addressing issues of information literacy and designing how they can be best integrated in students' learning process are of critical importance. Library professionals in the United States, particularly in the academia, have realized the importance of information literacy and have attempted in various ways to address these issues. The ultimate goal is to make information literacy an integral part of the academic curriculum, thus helping students to succeed not only during their years in college but also for their lifelong career choices. This article will look at ways of how information literacy can best be incorporated into students' academic experience, and how this process can make students' learning meaningful and successful. Specifically, the author will examine the model of librarian-faculty collaboration in integrating information literacy into the curriculum, as demonstrated in the Ohio Five Colleges' Information Literacy Program.Publisher version of this article is available at: http://www.white-clouds.com/iclc/cliej/cl24.ht
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