1,720,963 research outputs found
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Understanding Intellectual Property: Expression, Function, and Individuation
Full text linkUnderlying the fundamental structure of intellectual property law — specifically, the division between copyright and patent law — are at least two substantive philosophical assumptions. The first is that artistic works and inventions are importantly different, such that they warrant different legal systems: copyright law on the one hand, and patent law on the other. And the second is that particular artistic works and inventions can be determinately individuated from each other, and can thereby be the subjects of distinct and delineated legal rights. But neither the law nor existing scholarship provides a comprehensive analysis of these categories, what distinguishes them, or why their distinctions should matter to law.
This Article seeks to substantiate and unify these assumptions, taking the most striking doctrinal difference between copyrights and patents as its theoretical starting point: namely, that copyright law has an independent creation defense while patent law does not. Endeavoring to vindicate this doctrinal distinction with a theory of what distinguishes the paradigmatic subject matters of copyrights and patents, this Article defends the view that artistic works are author-individuated, while inventions are structure-individuated. It draws on philosophical thinking, thought experiments, and existing practices surrounding expression and functionality to argue that, although two distinct inventive acts can result in the very same invention, two distinct acts of authorship — even ones resulting in works that are “structurally” identical — cannot result in the very same artistic work, because the identity of the author in part makes the work what it is. The Article explains how these “individuation theses” vindicate, not just copyright and patent law’s differential treatment of independent creation, but other core features of intellectual property’s defining bifurcation, and then goes on to analyze the theses’ implications for different theories of what justifies intellectual property rights. Finally, the Article explores aspects of existing law that might be in tension with this conception of artistic works and inventions and thus ought to be revised to better reflect and incorporate it, if the individuation theses are indeed getting things right
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Understanding Intellectual Property: Expression, Function, and Individuation
No full textUnderlying the fundamental structure of intellectual property law — specifically, the division between copyright and patent law — are at least two substantive philosophical assumptions. The first is that artistic works and inventions are importantly different, such that they warrant different legal systems: copyright law on the one hand, and patent law on the other. And the second is that particular artistic works and inventions can be determinately individuated from each other, and can thereby be the subjects of distinct and delineated legal rights. But neither the law nor existing scholarship provides a comprehensive analysis of these categories, what distinguishes them, or why their distinctions should matter to law.
This Article seeks to substantiate and unify these assumptions, taking the most striking doctrinal difference between copyrights and patents as its theoretical starting point: namely, that copyright law has an independent creation defense while patent law does not. Endeavoring to vindicate this doctrinal distinction with a theory of what distinguishes the paradigmatic subject matters of copyrights and patents, this Article defends the view that artistic works are author-individuated, while inventions are structure-individuated. It draws on philosophical thinking, thought experiments, and existing practices surrounding expression and functionality to argue that, although two distinct inventive acts can result in the very same invention, two distinct acts of authorship — even ones resulting in works that are “structurally” identical — cannot result in the very same artistic work, because the identity of the author in part makes the work what it is. The Article explains how these “individuation theses” vindicate, not just copyright and patent law’s differential treatment of independent creation, but other core features of intellectual property’s defining bifurcation, and then goes on to analyze the theses’ implications for different theories of what justifies intellectual property rights. Finally, the Article explores aspects of existing law that might be in tension with this conception of artistic works and inventions and thus ought to be revised to better reflect and incorporate it, if the individuation theses are indeed getting things right
Understanding Intellectual Property: Expression, Function, and Individuation
No full textUnderlying the fundamental structure of intellectual property law — specifically, the division between copyright and patent law — are at least two substantive philosophical assumptions. The first is that artistic works and inventions are importantly different, such that they warrant different legal systems: copyright law on the one hand, and patent law on the other. And the second is that particular artistic works and inventions can be determinately individuated from each other, and can thereby be the subjects of distinct and delineated legal rights. But neither the law nor existing scholarship provides a comprehensive analysis of these categories, what distinguishes them, or why their distinctions should matter to law.
This Article seeks to substantiate and unify these assumptions, taking the most striking doctrinal difference between copyrights and patents as its theoretical starting point: namely, that copyright law has an independent creation defense while patent law does not. Endeavoring to vindicate this doctrinal distinction with a theory of what distinguishes the paradigmatic subject matters of copyrights and patents, this Article defends the view that artistic works are author-individuated, while inventions are structure-individuated. It draws on philosophical thinking, thought experiments, and existing practices surrounding expression and functionality to argue that, although two distinct inventive acts can result in the very same invention, two distinct acts of authorship — even ones resulting in works that are “structurally” identical — cannot result in the very same artistic work, because the identity of the author in part makes the work what it is. The Article explains how these “individuation theses” vindicate, not just copyright and patent law’s differential treatment of independent creation, but other core features of intellectual property’s defining bifurcation, and then goes on to analyze the theses’ implications for different theories of what justifies intellectual property rights. Finally, the Article explores aspects of existing law that might be in tension with this conception of artistic works and inventions and thus ought to be revised to better reflect and incorporate it, if the individuation theses are indeed getting things right
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
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