643 research outputs found
Proxenoi e asylia nei Symbola di Gauthier
No full textIn the framework of a re-examination of Symbola, the volume dedicated by Gauthier to foreigners and justice, the author of this essay focuses his attention on chapter I, in particular on the figure and role of the proxenos (taking into account the main opinions subsequently expressed in literature), and on chapter V, in particular on the role of protection of the foreigner ensured by the grants of asylia. To clarify the scope of this privilege, it was deemed useful to compare the traditional way of understanding the sylai, i.e. the ‘saisies’ in Gauthier’s language, with the critique of this opinion carried out by B. Bravo in 1980. At the end of his analysis, the author holds the view that many of the research directions on these topics indicated by Gauthier, deserve to be taken into serious consideration by those who wish to continue the study of relations between citizens and foreigners in the Greek world.Nel quadro di un riesame di Symbola, il volume dedicato da Gauthier agli stranieri e la giustizia, l’autore del presente saggio concentra la sua attenzione, da un lato, sul capitolo I, in particolare sulla figura e sul ruolo del proxenos (tenendo conto delle principali opinioni espresse successivamente in dottrina), dall’altro, sul capitolo V, in particolare sul ruolo di protezione dello straniero assicurato dalle concessioni di asylia. Per chiarire la portata di tale privilegio si è ritenuto utile mettere a confronto il modo tradizionale di intendere le sylai, ossia le ‘saisies’ nel linguaggio di Gauthier, con la critica che di tale opinione ha svolto B. Bravo nel 1980. Si è potuto così constatare che molte delle direzioni di ricerca su questi argomenti, indicate da Gauthier, meritano di essere prese in seria considerazione da chi voglia approfondire in generale i rapporti fra cittadini e stranieri nel mondo greco
BBMRI-ERIC ELSI Services & Research Q&A on COVID-19 & ELSI
No full textThe world is facing an unprecedented public health challenge with the COVID-19 pandemic; this has necessitated numerous efforts being deployed by governments, health agencies and individual institutions – including in the biobanking community – to develop effective tests, toolkits, treatments and vaccines to stem its spread and help fight it. To achieve this goal, the collection, analysis and timely sharing of samples and related data becomes instrumental in collective global research efforts. Aligned to these efforts is the prevalence for automated data processing and digital technologies such as location data and contact tracing applications as part of the toolkits. In this respect, biobanks are important infrastructures for access to these samples and data. Besides availability, quality and technical infrastructures, also ethical, legal and societal issues (ELSI) are particularly crucial in this regard. Public health ethics, personal data protection, ethics of data sharing, protection of consent and vulnerability as well as compliance issues within international data sharing have gained urgency in COVID-19 research. Against this backdrop, BBMRI-ERIC ELSI Services & Research held a webinar that took a closer look at these issues. The webinar took place on April 24th, 2020; the recording is available here.
This document not only answers the questions posed during the webinar but ventures into much detail on the topics raised as a result. It also showcases two examples from Germany (presented by Prof. Roland Jahns) and Italy (presented by Prof. Marialuisa Lavitrano), as well as a detailed commentary on contact-tracing-apps from a legal perspective (presented by Gauthier Chassang). The document thus lays the foundation for further discussion on ELSI and COVID-19 in the context of biobanking
What About Post-Mortem Digital Privacy and Personal Health Data Protection ?
No full textInternational audienceRecent efforts from national and international regulators such as the European Union (EU) concentrated on protecting privacy of the living individuals. But in the big data era where the global digitalisation of all the economic sectors allows world’s datafication and of daily professional or intimate life, we will inevitably face more questions on what constitutes or should constitute individuals’ digital privacy after the data subject passed away, the so-called “post-mortem digital privacy”. The doctrine defines post-mortem privacy as “the right of a person to preserve and control what becomes of his reputation, dignity, integrity, secrets or memory after death” . Questioning post-mortem privacy is particularly important where the data at stake are considered as sensitive personal data categories, which includes health-related personal data and genetic data according to the EU GDPR. First, this article explores existing major pieces of regulations in order to figure out if specific provisions exist which would grant special protection to personal health data after data subjects’ death. We explore International and EU legal instruments, hard- and soft-law, including ethical recommendations, pertaining to personal health data protection, to healthcare and biomedical research (Part 1). Second, we will explore some existing post-mortem digital privacy frameworks with examples of policies voluntarily set up by important actors of the digital world, or set up at a research project’s level, and with an example of national law, in France (Part 2). This exploratory work does not aim to be exhaustive but constitutes a plea to further investigate the ethical, legal and social issues and innovations in the field in the coming years
La protection des données personnelles en matière de santé. E-santé, droit de l’Union Européenne et protection de la vie privée des personnes : vers l’émergence d’un technodroit spécifique au travers de la proposition de règlement général sur la protection des données personnelles ?
No full textInternational audienc
La protection des données personnelles en matière de santé. E-santé, droit de l’Union Européenne et protection de la vie privée des personnes : vers l’émergence d’un technodroit spécifique au travers de la proposition de règlement général sur la protection des données personnelles ?
No full textInternational audienc
Intelligence Artificielle (IA) et vérité scientifique : les apports du Règlement Européen sur l’IA (RIA)
No full textInternational audienceArtificial intelligence systems (AIS) are disrupting the relationship between humans and digital tools and the information they generate. Reputed to be more reliable, even irrefutable, the information produced by AIS seems to carry a certain scientific truth based on often complex and autonomous machine learning models that give the tool an unprecedented capacity for “reasoning” with which to compose. The European Union (EU), with its proposed Regulation on Artificial Intelligence (AI) (AIA - COM/2021/206 final), seeks to regulate the practices of AIS providers to ensure that AIS is placed on the market or put into service in an ethical, lawful and safe manner. Considering scientific truth to be a common good to be protected in the public interest and AI to be a useful tool but one that presents risks in this regard, it seems necessary to consider what the proposed future legal framework could contribute to preventing the marketing and use of scientifically unfounded and potentially dangerous AIS. This article puts into perspective certain rules of the AIA that would support the preservation of scientific truth. We conclude that this issue is implicit and inherent in the objectives of the AIA, which would be based on governance by and for humans, in line with the rights and values upheld in the EU, promoting the control and proper use of AIs throughout their life cycle. Certain planned legal requirements would effectively contribute to guaranteeing a European market for scientifically high-quality, high-performance and reliable AIS, which could be considered to express a scientific truth that humans can trust.Les systèmes d'intelligence artificielle (SIA) perturbent les rapports que l'homme entretient avec les outils numériques et l'information qu'ils génèrent. Réputée plus fiable, voire irréfutable, l'information produite par les SIA semble porteuse d'une certaine vérité scientifique fondée sur des modèles d'apprentissage-machine souvent complexes et autonomes donnant à l'outil une capacité de « raisonnement » inédite avec laquelle composer. L'Union Européenne (UE), avec la proposition de Règlement sur l'Intelligence Artificielle (IA) (RIA -COM/2021/206 final), cherche à encadrer les pratiques des fournisseurs de SIA pour assurer la mise sur le marché ou la mise en service de SIA éthiques, licites et sûrs. En considérant la vérité scientifique comme un bien commun à protéger dans l'intérêt public et l'IA comme un outil utile mais présentant des risques à son égard, il parait nécessaire d'envisager quels seraient les apports du futur cadre juridique proposé afin de prévenir la commercialisation et l'utilisation de SIA scientifiquement infondés potentiellement dangereux. Cet article met en perspective certaines règles du RIA qui soutiendraient la préservation de la vérité scientifique. Nous concluons que cet enjeu est implicite et inhérent aux objectifs du RIA qui reposeraient sur une gouvernance assurée par et pour l'humain, en adéquation avec les droits et valeurs défendus dans l'UE, favorisant la maîtrise et le bon usage des SIA le long de leur cycle de vie. Certaines exigences légales prévues contribueraient effectivement à garantir un marché Européen de SIA scientifiquement qualitatifs, performants et fiables, que l'on pourrait considérer comme exprimant une vérité scientifique en laquelle l'homme peut avoir confiance.</div
Éthique Européenne relative à l'Utilisation de l'IA Générative dans le processus de Recherche Scientifique et la Production de Connaissances
No full textInternational audienceGenerative artificial intelligence systems (GAIS) offer new opportunities for improving scientific research processes and the production of scientific knowledge. However, these emerging technologies pose significant ethical challenges, particularly for scientific integrity, i.e. the set of rules and values that govern research activities to guarantee their honesty and rigour. What are the benefits and risks associated with the use of generative artificial intelligence systems in science? What operational ethical rules can help researchers in their practices? This article examines the issues and the specific ethical framework developed in the European Union (EU), in the light of the functionalities and current and potential uses of AI. It highlights the approach and the main recommendations aimed at minimising the risks in the design and use of AI and proposes additional avenues for reflection.Les systèmes d'intelligence artificielle générative (SIAG) offrent de nouvelles perspectives pour améliorer les processus de recherche scientifique et la production de connaissances scientifiques. Toutefois, ces technologies émergentes posent des défis éthiques importants, en particulier pour l'intégrité scientifique, c'est-à-dire l'ensemble des règles et des valeurs qui régissent les activités de recherche pour en garantir leur caractère honnête et rigoureux. Quels sont les avantages et risques associés aux usages des SIAG en sciences ? Quelles règles éthiques opérationnelles peuvent aider les chercheurs dans leurs pratiques ? Cet article étudie les enjeux et le cadre éthique spécifique développé dans l'Union Européenne (UE), à l'aune des fonctionnalités, des usages actuels et potentiels des SIAG. Il met en évidence les recommandations opérationnelles visant à minimiser les risques dans la conception et l'utilisation des SIAG et propose des pistes de réflexion complémentaires.</div
L\u27Irlande de Georges Dor, Jacques Ferron et Louis Gauthier
No full textDans ce travail, l\u27auteur étudie trois romans d\u27auteurs québécois et aborde les liens qu\u27ils établissent entre l\u27Irlande et le Québec. L\u27étude s\u27intéressa aux rapprochements que l\u27on peut établir entre ces deux territoires et la manière dont ils sont représentés dans la littérature de Georges Dor, Jacques Ferron et Louis Gauthier et plus particulièrement dans les romans : Le fils de l\u27Irlandais, Le salut de l\u27Irlande et Voyage en Irlande avec un parapluie.
In this thesis, the author studies three books of Québécois authors and discusses the links that each one makes between Ireland and Quebec. This study looks at the relations that can be established between these two territories and the style in which they are represented in the works of Georges Dor, Jacques Ferron and Louis Gauthier, specifically in the books: Le fils de l\u27Irlandais, Le salut de l\u27Irlande and Voyage en Irlande avec un parapluie
Guerre du blé, guerre du droit
No full textWhat the historiography of the French Revolution as forgotten is the reflexion on the rights of men, the first of which is the one which guarantees life. Against an economist and determinist vision, the author re-estimates the place of the peasantry in the process of liberation of 1789.Gauthier Florence, EspaceTemps. Guerre du blé, guerre du droit. In: Espaces Temps, 38-39, 1988. Concevoir la révolution. 89, 68, confrontations. pp. 113-114
Vers une régulation néodarwinienne de l’Intelligence artificielle centrée sur le concept de l’« Ethics by Evolution »
No full textInternational audienceA climate of tension interweaving enthusiasm and concern has taken hold of digital technology and Artificial Intelligence (AI) developments. Faced with the growing challenges surrounding AI, an integrated ethical and eco-responsible vision appears necessary in order to regain consistency, meaning, and confidence in the approach of this new, quickly evolving technology. The establishment of a system of ethical standards illustrated by ethical charters and benchmarks is not easy to put in place, and raises some questions and challenges to be taken up in terms of planification, timing and concrete application. To this aim, it appears essential to establish a systemic neodarwinian ethical regulation based on pragmatic recommendations, by identifying and developing ethical evaluation criteria as the machine learns and evolves, as its algorithms or its other functional parameters evolves, according to its operational environment and its uses: this approach is conceptualized here as “Ethics by Evolution”.Un climat de tension entremêlant engouement et inquiétude s’est installé envers le numérique et les développements de l’Intelligence artificielle (IA). Face aux enjeux grandissants qui entourent l’IA, une vision éthique et écoresponsable apparaît nécessaire afin de retrouver de la cohérence, du sens, et de la confiance dans l’approche de cette nouvelle technologie évolutive. La mise en place d’un système de normes éthiques illustré par des chartes et référentiels éthiques n’est pas simple à mettre en place, et suscite quelques questionnements et défis à relever en termes de planification, de temporalité et d’application concrète. Il apparaît alors essentiel d’instaurer une régulation éthique néodarwinienne systémique qui s’appuie sur des recommandations pragmatiques, en identifiant et en faisant évoluer des critères d’évaluation éthiques au fur et à mesure de l’apprentissage et de l’évolution de la machine, de ses algorithmes ou de ses autres paramètres fonctionnels, selon son environnement et ses usages : c’est ce que nous conceptualisons ici comme de l’« Ethics by Evolution »
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