86 research outputs found
Breastfeeding and common childhood diseases in Zambia: does breastfeeding have a protective effect against diarrhea, fever and acute respiratory infections among children in Zambia?
No full textBackground: This paper aimed at answering two specific questions: does breastfeeding reduce the occurrence of ARIs, Fever and Diarrhea in children who are breastfeeding; and is the occurrence of these common childhood diseases affected by duration (period) of breastfeeding?Data source and Method: Secondary analysis of the 2013 Zambia Demographic and Health Survey (ZDHS) was applied by using the children recode dataset (ZMKR61FL). Analysis was done at three levels: Descriptive, bivariate and multivariate (Binary and Multinomial Logistics regressions).Results: Results in this paper show that breastfeeding does not protect children against Diarrhea (OR 1.3; 1.1-1.4) but does so against Fever and ARIs (OR 0.9; 0.8-1.0). Children whose mothers were employed were more likely to suffer from all the three disease outcomes compared to those not employed (OR Diarrhea 1.2; Fever 1.5; ARIs 1.2).Conclusion: Diarrhea seems to be more pronounced in children who are breastfeeding than those not breastfeeding, especially those breastfed beyond 6 months
The Relationship between Spousal Violence and Levels of Education: : An Analysis of the Zambia Demographic and Health Survey 2013/14
No full textDomestic violence against spouses, especially women, is a serious human rights issue and a well-recognised global public health concern. While it is often attributed to low educational levels, research on this relationship has produced mixed results. This study investigated the association between domestic violence against women and education level, especially higher education, in Zambia. The data were sourced from the 2013-14 Zambia Demographic and Health Survey, which surveyed a nationally representative sample. A total of 11 778 women responded to the survey’s module on domestic violence. Given that the study was interested in domestic violence experiences perpetrated by spouses, the sample was restricted to currently married women. The results show that wives with a higher level of education than their husbands were more likely to experience different forms of domestic violence than those with a lower or the same educational level as their husbands. Women’s household wealth and age, the husband’s level of education, and spousal education differences were found to be significantly associated with domestic violence. It is thus concluded that increasing the educational level of both spouses could be effective in reducing domestic violence in Zambia.
Key words: Levels of education, spousal violence, Demographic Health Surve
The effect of land restitution on protected areas : an analysis of the co-management model in operation at the Mkambati Nature Reserve
No full textIncludes bibliographical references.With the advent of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, and having been faced with a huge number of land claims on protected areas, the South African Government adopted a co-management system as a way of informing the settlement of land claims lodged within protected areas. Through a case study of the Mkambati Nature Reserve (MNR) in the Eastern Cape, this dissertation seeks to critically analyse the co-management conservation model that is in operation in the MNR, in order to provide a proper perspective on whether it provides a satisfactory model for reconciling both the country’s protected area regime and its land reform regime. The dissertation commences with a brief analysis of South Africa’s socioeconomic and environmental realities, in order to contextualise the analysis. It then turns to consider South Africa’s constitutional framework, and, particularly, the environmental right and the property clause, which have largely been responsible for shaping and informing South Africa’s contemporary conservation and land reform regime. Thereafter, it seeks to briefly outline these two relevant regimes, with a view to critically analysing the manner in which they complement, or do not complement, one another. It then critically reviews recent initiatives taken by the country’s conservation and land reform authorities to bridge the apparent divide between South Africa’s protected areas and land reform regimes. These initiatives include both a Memorandum of Understanding, signed by the erstwhile Minister of Land Affairs and the Minister of Environmental Affairs and Tourism, and the recent National Co-Management Framework adopted by these authorities. Thereafter, the dissertation turns to critically reflect on the effectiveness and equitability of the co-management model advocated by these initiatives, through the lens of a case study – namely, the MNR in the Eastern Cape. This section of the dissertation starts by providing a background to the reserve, and the history form and nature of the settlement agreement implemented to resolve the land restitution claim within it. It then turns to the evaluation of the governance regime that is in operation in the MNR (specifically in respect of its land tenure, management, access/use and benefit-sharing arrangement), with a view to drawing lessons which could possibly inform the resolution of the many outstanding land restitution claims in protected areas
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR)
No full textViolence is a major public health and human rights concern, claiming over 1.3 million lives globally each year (1). Despite the scope of this problem, population-based data on physical and sexual violence perpetration are scarce, particularly in low-income and middle-income countries (2,3). To better understand factors driving both children becoming victims of physical or sexual violence and subsequently (as adults) becoming perpetrators, CDC collaborated with four countries in sub-Saharan Africa (Malawi, Nigeria, Uganda, and Zambia) to conduct national household surveys of persons aged 13-24 years to measure experiences of violence victimization in childhood and subsequent perpetration of physical or sexual violence. Perpetration of physical or sexual violence was prevalent among both males and females, ranging among males from 29.5% in Nigeria to 51.5% in Malawi and among females from 15.3% in Zambia to 28.4% in Uganda. Experiencing physical, sexual, or emotional violence in childhood was the strongest predictor for perpetrating violence; a graded dose-response relationship emerged between the number of types of childhood violence experienced (i.e., physical, sexual, and emotional) and perpetration of violence. Efforts to prevent violence victimization need to begin early, requiring investment in the Prevention of childhood violence and interventions to mitigate the negative effects of violence experienced by children
Changes in body mass index, obesity, and overweight in Southern Africa development countries, 1990 to 2019: Findings from the Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study
No full textAbstract Background High body mass index (BMI) is associated with stroke, ischemic heart disease (IHD), and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). An epidemiological analysis of the prevalence of high BMI, stroke, IHD, and T2DM was conducted for 16 Southern Africa Development Community (SADC) using Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors (GBD) Study data. Methods GBD obtained data from vital registration, verbal autopsy, and ICD codes. Prevalence of high BMI (≥25 kg/m2), stroke, IHD, and T2DM attributed to high BMI were calculated. Cause of Death Ensemble Model and Spatiotemporal Gaussian regression was used to estimate mortality due to stroke, IHD, and T2DM attributable to high BMI. Results Obesity in adult females increased 1.54‐fold from 12.0% (uncertainty interval [UI]: 11.5–12.4) to 18.5% (17.9–19.0), whereas in adult males, obesity nearly doubled from 4.5 (4.3–4.8) to 8.8 (8.5–9.2). In children, obesity more than doubled in both sexes, and overweight increased by 27.4% in girls and by 37.4% in boys. Mean BMI increased by 0.7 from 22.4 (21.6–23.1) to 23.1 (22.3–24.0) in adult males, and by 1.0 from 23.8 (22.9–24.7) to 24.8 (23.8–25.8) in adult females. South Africa 44.7 (42.5–46.8), Swaziland 33.9 (31.7–36.0) and Lesotho 31.6 (29.8–33.5) had the highest prevalence of obesity in 2019. The corresponding prevalence in males for the three countries were 19.1 (17.5–20.7), 19.3 (17.7–20.8), and 9.2 (8.4–10.1), respectively. The DRC and Madagascar had the least prevalence of adult obesity, from 5.6 (4.8–6.4) and 7.0 (6.1–7.9), respectively in females in 2019, and in males from 4.9 (4.3–5.4) in the DRC to 3.9 (3.4–4.4) in Madagascar. Conclusions The prevalence of high BMI is high in SADC. Obesity more than doubled in adults and nearly doubled in children. The 2019 mean BMI for adult females in seven countries exceeded 25 kg/m2. SADC countries are unlikely to meet UN2030 SDG targets. Prevalence of high BMI should be studied locally to help reduce morbidity
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR)
No full textAdolescent girls and young women aged 13-24 years are disproportionately affected by HIV in sub-Saharan Africa (1), resulting from biologic, behavioral, and structural* factors, including violence. Girls in sub-Saharan Africa also experience sexual violence at higher rates than do boys (2), and women who experience intimate partner violence have 1.3-2.0 times the odds of acquiring HIV infection, compared with those who do not (3). Violence Against Children and Youth Survey (VACS) data during 2007-2018 from nine countries funded by the U.S. President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) were analyzed to estimate prevalence and assess factors associated with early sexual debut and forced sexual initiation.| Among adolescent girls and young women aged 13-24 years who ever had sex, the prevalence of lifetime sexual violence ranged from 12.5% to 49.3%, and forced sexual initiation ranged from 14.7% to 38.9%; early sexual debut among adolescent girls and young women aged 16-24 years ranged from 14.4% to 40.1%. In multiple logistic regression models, forced sexual initiation was associated with being unmarried, violence victimization, risky sexual behaviors, sexually transmitted infections (STIs), and poor mental Health Early sexual debut was associated with lower education, marriage, ever witnessing parental intimate partner violence during childhood, risky sexual behaviors, poor mental health, and less HIV tTesting. Comprehensive violence and HIV Prevention programming is needed to delay sexual debut and protect adolescent girls and young women from forced sex
Author Correction: Mapping local patterns of childhood overweight and wasting in low- and middle-income countries between 2000 and 2017 (Nature Medicine, (2020), 26, 5, (750-759), 10.1038/s41591-020-0807-6)
No full textAn amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper. © 2020, The Author(s)
Author Correction: Mapping local patterns of childhood overweight and wasting in low- and middle-income countries between 2000 and 2017 (Nature Medicine, (2020), 26, 5, (750-759), 10.1038/s41591-020-0807-6)
No full textAn amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper. © 2020, The Author(s)
Author Correction: Mapping local patterns of childhood overweight and wasting in low- and middle-income countries between 2000 and 2017 (Nature Medicine, (2020), 26, 5, (750-759), 10.1038/s41591-020-0807-6)
No full textAn amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper. © 2020, The Author(s)
Department of Error: Mapping geographical inequalities in childhood diarrhoeal morbidity and mortality in low-income and middle-income countries, 2000–17: analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017 (The Lancet (2020) 395(10239) (1779–1801), (S0140673620301148), (10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30114-8))
No full textReiner RC Jr, Hay SI. Mapping geographical inequalities in childhood diarrhoeal morbidity and mortality in low-income and middle-income countries, 2000–17: analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet 2020; 395: 1779–801—In this Article, the author byline has been amended to Local Burden of Disease Diarrhoea Collaborators. This correction has been made to the online version as of June 4, 2020, and the printed version is correct
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